我国上市公司的财务困境成本及其影响因素分析

本文选择1998—2002年间沪深股市40家ST摘帽公司A股为样本,从“经营业绩观”和“权益价值观”两个角度考察我国上市公司是否存在财务困境成本。结果发现:(1)从陷入财务困境之前到解除财务困境之后,基于“经营业绩观”,企业经行业调整之后的平均主营业绩有所增长,但基于“权益价值观”,经过市场调整之后的权益市场价值平均下降了2.04%,表明投资者平均承担2.04%的财务困境成本,说明虽然企业在解除财务困境之后经营业绩较之于陷入财务困境之前有所增长,但这种经营业绩上的增长并未带来权益市场价值的提高。(2)行业因素和企业规模是影响财务困境的重要因素。当财务困境企业所在行业业绩不佳时财务困境成本较高;企业的资产规模与财务困境成本呈显著的正向关系。     

财务困境成本与公司治理

陷入财务困境的公司与正常经营的公司有着内外环境的差异,它导致公司治理对企业的财务困境成本和企业价值的影响都不相同.以中国2000年～2006年发生财务困境的193家上市公司的面板数据为样本,实证分析中国公司治理因素对财务困境成本的影响.研究表明,公司的股权制衡度与公司财务困境成本显著正相关,国有股比例、独立董事比例和管理费用率与财务困境成本显著负相关,股权集中度、两职合一、高管持股比例和违规行为与财务困境成本没有显著的相关性.研究结论对财务困境公司改善公司治理机制并摆脱财务困境有所帮助.     

企业财务风险的预警及防范措施

财务风险是债务融资原因,导致企业经营成果的不确定性。如果企业不能按时偿还到期债务的本金和利息,企业会陷入财务困境,甚至破产。财务风险预警能实时对公司的财务风险进行跟踪监控,发现企业财务状况是否出现异常,迅速报警,方便企业及时采取应变措施,避免企业陷入财务困境。构建科学合理的财务状况预警系统并对财务风险进行防范和控制至关重要。     

我国西部地区上市公司财务困境成本度量

本文从"经营业绩观"和"权益价值观"两个视角考察1998-2009年度沪深股市A股中西部地区的33家ST公司的财务困境成本状况.结果发现,财务困境期间,企业的经营业绩改善了,但企业的权益平均市场价值降低了18.96%,经市场调整后权益平均市场价值降低了36.76%,即权益投资者承担了36.76%的财务困境成本.     

三元财务困境预警模型的样本分类探讨

财务困境预测是评判上市公司未来经营走势的重要理论.本文对三元财务困境预警模型的样本分类提出了一些新的看法,通过多因素方差分析提取若干对经营成败具有显著影响的财务指标,并依据各财务指标与经营成败之间的相关性大小,建立函数关系式,最后根据函数值大小将非ST公司分为两类,从而将全部上市公司分为3类.     

公司的多样化战略与资本结构关系的实证研究

本文在分散风险理论、交易成本理论和代理成本理论的基础上,深入探讨了公司多样化战略与资本结构之间的内在关系,并形成研究假设。本文采用熵值指数来度量公司的多样化程度。经分层和回归检验后发现。公司经营多样化程度与负债水平呈显著正相关关系;不相关多样化公司的负债水平显著高于相关多样化公司;对不相关多样化公司来说,多样化程度是决定资本结构的重要因素。总之,研究结果支持了基于分散风险理论和交易成本理论的假设,拒绝了基于代理成本理论的假设。     

股权结构、财务困境成本与困境公司绩效

本文以1997—2003年发生财务困境的105家上市公司为研究样本,以资本支出率度量公司投资水平,以销售增长率与“EBIT/总资产”度量公司绩效,采用单变量与多变量分析方法。研究发现,第一大股东持股比例越大,困境公司的投资与绩效水平越高;股权制衡对困境公司不再具有显著的积极作用;由于预算软约束的存在,国有公司比非国有公司在财务困境期间具有更低的财务困境成本,失去了更少的投资机会、市场份额与利润,从而表现出更高的投资与绩效水平;公司是否被企业集团控制与财务困境成本及困境公司的投资、绩效水平没有显著相关性。     

引入信息成本的信息结构与股权融资成本

本文放松了Easley和O’Hara信息成本为0的假设,在他们的信息结构模型的理论框架下,构建了一个引入信息成本因素的信息结构模型。从信息结构的四个方面：信息成本、信息风险、信息披露的质量和先验信息质量研究了信息结构与股权融资成本之间的关系,得出了四个推论,从而拓展了信息结构模型。在进一步的实证研究中,选取市场微观结构理论中的逆向选择成本、知情交易概率-PIN分别作为信息成本和信息风险的衡量指标,研究发现：信息成本与股权融资成本之间呈倒‘U’型曲线关系;信息风险越高的股票股权融资成本越高;信息披露质量越高的公司,股权融资成本越低;先验信息质量越高,股权融资成本越低;从而对推论进行了有效验证。本文与Easley和O’Hara最大不同在于引入了信息成本因素,并且用实证方法对推论进行了验证,具有一定的开创性。     

风险资本对企业代理成本的影响：公司治理的视角

  由于信息不对称和不确定性程度更高,通常创业型中小企业的代理成本更严重。风险资本作为创业企业的主要股权投资者,区别于其他类型机构投资者,积极参与被投资企业公司治理,对公司创始人大股东和管理层实施监督和激励,为保护其自身利益,风险资本有能力和动机缓解代理冲突。         基于信息不对称理论和委托代理理论,通过分析风险资本的双重治理角色,从公司治理视角考察风险资本对企业两类代理成本的影响。以2004年至2013年中小板和创业板上市企业为研究样本,形成一个非平衡面板数据。利用多元回归方法中的固定效应模型,检验风险资本利用公司治理机制降低企业代理成本的有效性,并进一步考察家族企业对风险资本影响企业代理成本的调节效应。         研究结果表明,①依据两类代理成本测量,风险资本支持的企业代理成本更低。②风险资本通过持有股份比例和董事会席位比例降低代理成本。③创业家族企业调节风险资本对代理成本的影响,风险资本深度参与非家族企业公司治理,对代理成本的降低作用更加明显。④采取更换代理成本测量指标和区分风险资本与私募股权等方式进行稳健性检验,上述结果依然成立;利用工具变量法、Heckman两阶段和双重差分方法克服潜在的内生性问题,结论保持不变。         基于风险资本投资于创业企业的特点,分析代理成本的表现形式,论证风险资本对企业可能产生的两类代理成本的影响机制,发现风险资本可以有效监督创始人和职业经理人,研究结果对风险资本如何控制代理成本以及上市企业如何优化治理结构具有参考意义。     

监事会在公司风险管控中的作用探究

正公司风险管控是指公司围绕经营目标,对公司内可能产生的各种风险进行识别、衡量、分析、评价,通过建立健全风险管控体系并采取有效措施进行防范和控制,从而实现风险管控的目标的一种科学管理方法。随着我国公司生产专业化、产品多元化、经营国际化趋势的加强,公司面临的风险数量及其复杂性也与日俱增,重视和加强公司风险管控就显得尤为重要。监事会在公司治理中处于独特的位置,能及时了解、掌握公司的运营风险,在公司风险管控体系中发挥着极     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.