后苏俄时代的社会认同：经验证据与理论解释

需要研究的问题 在近期后苏俄社会的转型研究中出现的核心问题，涉及到了个人认同不同社会群体和共同体的基本特征，这些群体和共同体包括种群或民族国家，社会身份地位或边缘群体等各种社会文化建构。很显然，这些纷繁多样、重重叠叠、共同拥有而且又很偶然的“认同”，为自我与社会之间的交往，也为社会行动的新“行动者”的形成提供了新形态。在政治和经济转型时期，     

社会建构论与咨询和临床心理学

在过去的20年中,社会建构论的崛起对咨询和临床心理学领域的科学主义范式形成了挑战.社会建构论主张实在是社会的建构,这一观点应用到咨询和临床心理学,则被传统的科学主义当做"实在"的"病理心理"丧失了本体论的基础.同时,知识是建构的,那么咨询和治疗理论并不是一种科学发现,而是一种理论建构.这些观点对咨询和临床心理学的发展产生了深远的影响.     

媒体建构：自杀社会意义的赋予——以中国1919–1928年社会运动中自杀事件报道为例

摘要：中国1919-1928年社会运动中的自杀事件发生后,报道运用媒体设计的方法与多种修辞手段,从故事叙事模式、话语结构与话语策略上,赋予自杀行动正面而又积极的社会意义,是为了提高公众对国家共同价值和民族危机的认同,以便动员民众、共同御侮。媒体对自杀社会意义的赋予,具有社会建构的特征。这种建构是当时社会赋予媒体的使命,体现了自杀行动者个人与社会的双向互动,双向建构的循环关系是当时中国社会结构和社会意识形态发生变化的结果。     

男民工与阶层、社会性别、性的主体建构

农民工的“性”问题日益受到社会的关注。本文基于北京地区四个工地136位民工的访谈,以工地男民工“谈小姐”为切入点,将“谈小姐”视为男民工日常生活中的言说实践,以扎根理论的视角来探究“谈话”这种日常活动的建构意义。本文并不停留于男民工对“小姐”形象（谈论的客体）的构建,而是更进一步地探讨：（1）在“谈小姐”的言说实践过程中男民工如何构建出自身的阶层地位、社会性别与性文化;（2）分析阶层、社会性别、性这三者的关系。通过这种主体建构的呈现,本文试图揭示男民工如何寻找自己在这个社会中的定位,以及寻找现实生活中积极的生存策略。     

通向市场的社会实践理论：一种再转向

市场的社会结构理论对新古典市场理论构成了重大挑战，然而，以“嵌入性”假设为基础的结构主义分析方法又在很大程度上限制了该理论的发展。作为反思的市场的新制度主义理论，虽然旨在建立一种以扩展的“嵌入性”概念为基础的制度与结构的相互关系分析，但是，其并未能将此思想运用到对市场建构及其运作的研究中。而作为一种转向的经济制度的社会建构理论，虽然内含了若干弥补社会结构分析的概念，但是，其概念之间存在的方法论上的内在矛盾，又决定这种弥补或修正是有限度的。为此，本文主张，当代市场社会学进一步修正或转向，应当朝着建立一种基于特殊行动理论，即自我行动的逻辑的市场的社会实践理论迈进。     

“汽车梦”的社会建构:对《南方周末》（1998～2007）汽车广告内容的分析

今日中国,拥有汽车已成为大多数城市家庭幸福生活的一种理想。在“汽车梦”的社会建构过程中,作为一种消费意识形态的汽车广告在其中起了非常大的作用。本文以《南方周末》（1998～2007）为例,对近十年的汽车广告内容进行分析。文章认为,“个体享乐性想象认同”和“社会参照性成功认同”是汽车广告用来建构“汽车梦”的两个重要的“认同策略”,其影响作用远远超过了汽车广告中的“功用策略”,对广告内容分析的结果证明了本文所提出的研究假设。文章最后对“汽车梦”为什么在近十年得到极力建构的社会根源进行了探讨,并对其所带来的潜在的社会后果进行了深刻的反思。

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自我行动的逻辑——理解“新传统主义”与中国单位组织的真实的社会建构

中国单位组织中何以未能发生变革或终结其制度的集体行动？解答该问题的关键在于理解中国单位组织的“真实的社会建构”。本文认为,华尔德的“新传统主义”模式,已为研究中国单位生活中真实的行动及其制度再建构奠定了基础。进一步的研究,应当是对该理论的若干假设进行修正,并将其建立在更为坚实的行动理论的基础之上。这种特定的行动理论即本文旨在建立的中国人的自我行动理论。本文的论点是,中国人并非是个人行动者而是自我行动者。自我行动受自我主义和关系理性的驱动和约束。从自我行动到关系行动,再到小集团或派系行动,构成了中国人自我行动的逻辑进程。透过这一逻辑进程及其引致的后果,我们能更深入地理解中国单位组织的真实的社会建构。     

从社会建构主义的视角看我国社会工作与社会政策的相互作用

在我国,社会工作和社会政策进行着有中国特色的社会建构,在此过程中,两者之间存在着相互的作用,本文旨在探索这种相互作用。把握这种相互作用,有助于我们更好地增强它,并利用它为解决社会问题、建设和谐社会服务。     

社会建构理论视角下的社会工作者身份认同研究——以深圳市社会工作者为例

近年来,深圳市社会工作发展迅猛,已经成为大陆社会工作发展的＂标兵＂。与此同时,深圳市专业社会工作者流失比较严重,社会工作者流失率逐年攀升。伴随着社会工作行业的发展,如何看待社会工作者身份的建构过程和遭遇的＂重重危机＂,已成为我们必须追问的问题。本文试图在社会建构理论视角下,去探讨在目前的社会环境下社会工作机构、同工、居民等各种社会力量,是如何与社会工作者自身一起建构和形塑了社会工作者群体的身份认同,以期通过这些考察与探讨,去了解社会工作者身份认同现状,并希望从此角度去理解社会工作行业的发展,提出改善社会工作者身份认同现状的一些对策。     

世纪末忧郁与美国精神气质——帕森斯与古典社会理论的现代转变

帕森斯的《社会行动的结构》体现了一种独特的探究，历史的、经验的和理论的研究在其中融为一体。在学科史的意义上，《结构》标志着“古典”社会理论的“现代”转变。不过，帕森斯是以一种典型的“美国式”方式完成这种转变的。囿于20世纪20、30年代、尤其是“新政”时期的语境，他给予处于世纪之交的一些重要的社会理论一种全新的阐述，把它们从其生身处境的“世纪末”中剥离出来，并暗中赋予其一种积极、乐观的“美国精神气质”，在很大程度上消解了这些理论和经验探讨中原本具有的同“世纪末”的社会、文化背景及其时代问题的复杂关联。悖谬的是，这种“美国化”的阐述在某种意义上恰恰体现了帕森斯试图建构社会（科）学一般理论的宏图，蕴含着某种普遍历史的取向。     

流动人口的社会阶层、社会流动与未婚先孕——以上海市为例

采用二元逻辑斯蒂回归模型,从社会阶层与社会流动的视角对影响流动人口未婚先孕的因素进行分析.关于社会阶层的研究结果显示,育龄妇女的受教育程度与月均收入水平两因素的影响结果显著,受教育程度越高未婚先孕的比例越低,收入越高未婚先孕的比例越低.育龄妇女的户口对未婚先孕不产生显著性影响;关于社会流动的研究结果显示,育龄妇女婚姻的教育匹配与户口匹配对未婚先孕有着显著性影响,教育匹配的上向流动增加未婚先孕的比例,下向流动降低未婚先孕的比例.但户口匹配却显示出上向流动降低未婚先孕的比例,下向流动增加未婚先孕的比例.     

Social work is beautiful On the characteristics of social work

Social work is frequently described as a problem-solving activity. Social workers are expected to identify social problems, thoroughly investigate them and take proper measures to solve them. Superficially, this kind of definition is unassailable and harmless (and, of course, partly valid), but in a deeper sense it denies us access to important concepts, perspectives and, hence, possibilities of interpretation, regarding the activity we call social work. Following this line of thought, there is a blind spot in the self-understanding of social work. This article outlines an alternative perspective on social work emphasizing making visible new possibilities of interpretation and action rather than solving problems. In connection with a recently reported research project, Organization and Human Change in Social Work, specific features of social work are suggested and discussed. The aim is to contribute to the development of a theoretical identity of social work, based on its own specific characteristics.     

Future Directions: Social Development in the Context of Social Justice

Many societies and cultures have become increasingly diverse and heterogeneous over the past decade. This diversity has a direct bearing on social justice in children's and adolescents' social development. Increased diversity can have positive consequences, such as the possibility for increased empathy, tolerance, perspective taking, and the celebration of various cultural traditions and values, but it can also result in increased prejudice, bias, and discrimination. In this article, we suggest that incorporating a focus on social justice can transform the field of social development. This can be done by considering the larger societal context of diversity or heterogeneity when investigating children's peer interactions, attitudes, group identity, and social experience. In addition, new findings that incorporate social justice concerns have implications for designing interventions to enhance children's healthy social development. We highlight and discuss recent areas of research that bear on this perspective and discuss avenues for future research and investigation.     

Recognizing Social Work

There has been little interest until recently in the questionof whether social work has the characteristics of an academicdiscipline. This article offers a synopsis of issues arisingfrom a review of social work and social care research fundedthrough the Social Care Institute for Excellence (SCIE). Followinga brief scene setting, the first main section of the articlegives a synopsis of the social work and social care community’sexperience and judgements regarding their engagement with theresearch council. In the second part of the article, we reviewrelevant policies, structures and trends from an ESRC and socialscience perspective. We focus on the development of researchprogrammes, followed by an outline of the delivery and implementationof programmes. In the final section, we review the issues, themesand directions that emerged from the project. These includejudgements of research relevance, research users, research utilization,the social work contribution to the development of researchmethods, inter-disciplinary research, the question of whetherthere are distinctive attributes of social work research, researchcapacity, career building, priority setting, and the outcomesof social work funding bids. We also reflect on the developmentand delivery of research programmes, and the implications ofthe invisibility of social work research within the ESRC. Disciplineswithin universities are not fixed and abiding realities. ‘Recognizing’social work is a dynamic, socially negotiated process, shapedby the construction and ordering of knowledge claims withinsocial work and social science communities, and reflecting powerdifferentials that are mediated through structural mechanismsthat tend to exclude new ‘claimants’ such as socialwork. We include a number of recommendations, and suggest waysin which the issues may have relevance beyond the UK.     

文化：社会管理的基础和持久动力

社会问题的存在是社会管理的逻辑起点。我国30多年的改革开放在取得举世瞩目成就的同时,社会问题也日益凸显。这些问题的存在可以从文化层面找到根源：一是信仰体系缺失;二是传统文化被破坏、被解构;三是市场经济的畸形发展对精神层面造成冲击。今后,应建立弹性价值体系,引领文化建设,恢复主流意识形态,重塑适应21世纪的现代文明,夯实构建和谐社会的基石。     

Embedding Social Justice within Micro Social Work Curricula

Social work struggles with the dichotomy between social and economic justice and micro practice. A large percentage of United States social workers (65%) practice in micro practice settings, yet the profession is challenged to commit to its social justice roots. This article reviews the history of social and economic justice within the social work profession, examines the role of distributive justice, and outlines strategies to integrate social and economic justice into micro social work courses. The article details implications for strengthening a social and economic justice perspective in micro curricula.     

Social work research: the state of the art (or science)

This paper provides a critical review of current trends within social work research methodology. The paper identifies three influential contemporary perspectives in social work research: empirical practice, pragmatism and participatory/critical research. It identifies the different approaches taken by each perspective to what should be researched, how it should be researched, and how truth claims should be evaluated. By exploring the linkages between methodology, social work and wider social and political changes, the paper argues that research is an intensely political rather than a neutral activity.     

Anti-Oppressive Research in Social Work: A Preliminary Definition

In comparison with other helping professions, social work claimsto embrace a very distinctive mission: to oppose the roots andeffects of social oppression. This article examines social workresearch from an anti-oppressive social work perspective. Itargues that in order to match the liberating mission of theprofession, social work research should defy the dominant traditionsof social science research. The paper first outlines a definitionof anti-oppressive research in social work and then suggestsa relevant set of criteria for assessing it. A case study isdescribed and analysed according to these criteria, followedby a discussion of some ethical and methodological issues involvedin the development of a more inclusive inquiry in social work.     

Social work and parent support in reaction to children's antisocial behaviour: constructions and effects

This article focuses on STOP4-7, an ecological early intervention programme for children with serious behavioural problems in Belgium, which includes social skills training for children, management training for parents and classroom management training for teachers. We argue how this type of social work benefits from empirical research on its effects on children and parents. Yet social work research that addresses these questions needs to extend its focus to overt and covert inclusion and exclusion mechanisms that operate through social work. Finally, we argue that, in the case of STOP4-7, social work is embedded in the process of social and political framing of the problems it is supposed to solve. By extending the focus of social work research to the very construction of social problems, we show how social workers may perform their agency as reflective practitioners, rather than being objects of interventions.