对电视新闻现场直播的三维观照

在人类传播历史的更迭递变过程中,电视媒介以其丰富的传播手段开启了大众传播的新篇章。作为电视媒介独有特质集中体现的电视新闻现场直播,满足了受众“眼见为实”的普遍诉求心理,确保了新闻信息的保真与传播过程的时空完整。同时,现场直播一改以往受众被动接受信息的局面,不仅促成了与传播者在某种程度上的平等关系,而且实现了“客观真实”、“媒介真实”与“心理真实”较为完美的统一。     

新媒介环境下增强对台传播“软实力”的思考

在传统媒介环境下所提出的“对台宣传”概念存在理念束缚,“对台宣传”面临困境。在新媒体环境下,对台传播当立足于新的媒介环境,尊重传播规律,从传播主体、媒介本身、传播内容、受众、媒介环境、传播方式等六个方面增强对台信息传播方面的软实力。要使对台传播取得更好的传播效果,要善于利用良好的传播环境,遵循传播规律,扩宽传播空间,积极促进大众传播与民间体验传播实现良性互动。     

西方主导媒介与“逆流”媒介在当代媒介文化中的对立及相互作用

全球文化秩序长期以来都被西方发达国家的媒介所主导,其突出表现在媒介与传播资源从西方发达国家向欠发达国家的单向流动,从而在某些欠发达国家形成主导地位,文化殖民成为可能.随着时代的发展与变化,媒介资源流动方向由单向发展为多向,媒介的应用背景随之改变,在全球化背景下的重新评估也成为必然.本文透过不同市场受众对于媒介产品的反应,以及发达与欠发达国家在媒介产品内容模式上的发展与更新两个角度,分析文化殖民主义下的主导媒介与“逆流”媒介两股势力之间的对立以及相互作用的关系,并从中总结出全球媒介产品发展与更新的趋势.     

“受众”是什么

“受众”是什么杨思迅大众传播的受体客体何谓受众？受众是大众传播媒介众多接受者的总称，包括书、报、刊的读者，广播、电视、声像作品的听众和观众。那么，受众在大众传播活动中，处于何种地位呢？受众是大众传播的受传客体。传播活动作为信息接受活动，其基本内容就是...     

新闻媒介的受众定位与功能定位

作为信息载体 ,新闻媒介要以满足消费者的需求为己任 ;但作为舆论工具 ,它还肩负着正确引导消费者的责任。这种双重属性 ,决定了媒介的受众定位与功能定位。受众定位是媒介实现市场占位的基础 ,功能定位是媒介实现传播效益的指向性规定。二者关系密切。功能定位是受众的客观需求和媒介主办者的主观愿望相结合的产物 ,受众定位需要借助功能定位才能对媒介产品的设计与生产最终具有指导意义。     

黄河流域红色文化的影视传播策略

<正>近代,黄河流域成为中国革命诞生地之一,孕育了内涵丰富的红色文化。传承黄河流域红色文化对于维系民族精神、凝聚民族力量、促进经济发展都具有十分重要的意义。当前,以媒体为平台对先进文化进行传播成为主流,影视传播是文化传播的重要形式。黄河流域红色文化传播可以通过影像媒介为载体促进自身形象“视觉图像化”,形成相关文化的有效传播,因此影像构建和影视传播对黄河流域红色文化传播具有重要作用。     

媒介融合视域下的正能量传播策略

正能量传播是以弘扬主旋律、进行积极正面的舆论引导为目的的传播形态。在媒介融合深入发展的背景下,舆论生态和信息传播方式发生变迁,这些变化也对正能量传播产生了深刻影响。基于此,在媒介融合的语境下,本文认为正能量传播可以从渠道融合的基础上联动多种媒体、利用交互性进行柔性传播,以及探索多模态的正能量报道形式三个方面改变传播策略,从而壮大主流思想舆论、在思想战线上统一团结全社会。     

数字时代的受众之思及对“数字中国”建设的启示

在西方马克思主义学者普遍缺少对大众传媒经济意义探究的背景下,达拉斯·斯麦兹提出“受众商品论”,并运用历史唯物主义的方法研究受众、传播媒介和广告商三者的相互关系,开创传播政治经济学之先河。数字资本主义时代,注意力成为生成数据的关键。一些学者重拾”受众商品论“,试图借其剖析数字剥削机制。然而,数字时代较于斯麦兹时期发生了天翻地覆的变化,注意力由商品变成了受众的劳动能力。一味地生搬硬套“受众商品论”,解释不了数字时代受众以对其的超越。通过分析注意力商品向劳动能力转变带来的巨变,反驳照搬“受众商品论”解释数字时代的新变化,助力“数字中国”建设。     

评西方受众理论

本文认为 ,传递者与受众的关系根本不是什么传播主体和传播客体的关系 ,而是同一传播活动中共生的两个主体 ;要准确理解受众 ,仅仅有文化批判眼光是不够的 ,还必须回到主体与主体的传播关系中 ,亦即在“主体间性”中把握受众。受众研究的“类主体”思维的实质是把受众当作可资利用的“潜在消费者的聚合体”。哈贝马斯、霍尔等人在受众研究上的理论思维秘诀 ,不仅仅在于深刻的文化批判 ,更重要的是在主体间传播关系中重构了受众观念 ,树立了具有主体间性基础的传播价值理念     

报纸在社会文化传播中的特殊意蕴

在大众媒介家族中,报纸无疑是公认的老字辈。它与人类社会的发展和技术进步相伴而生,成为人类文明史上一座丰碑;又以独特的行为方式展示生活“图景”,尽情地向人们传播关于“真实世界”的各种信息。今天,在被称为“现代媒介”的电子媒介飞速发展的新时代,作为传统大...     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.