灾难性新闻图片的伦理分析

灾难性新闻图片用具体可感的画面告知灾难的真相,传递灾难的悲剧蕴涵,同时也承载着一定的社会伦理责任。灾难性新闻图片在展示灾难事实时运用不同的诉求方式所获得的种种不同伦理效果,表明灾难性新闻图片应注重表现英勇斗争的英雄主义与关怀友爱的人道主义,而非渲染毁灭与绝望,通过道德伦理约束和规范来保障个人隐私权与公众知晓权之间的平衡十分必要,这要求新闻工作者在处理新闻图片时必须遵循相关的伦理原则,以保障新闻事业的健康发展。     

论新闻情感

新闻情感作为新闻信息源与新闻记者相互作用的产物,既有客观性,又有主观性,是主观与客观的有机结合.坚持健康、多样、适度的原则,记者善于在新闻作品中运用新闻情感,有助于受众产生共鸣,收到理想的传播效果.     

受众认知心理现象与新闻传播效果异化

传播效果是新闻传播活动的最终目的。然而,在新闻传播过程中,由受众定势心理、投射心理、期望心理、联想心理等认知心理复杂作用导致的效果“异化”现象不容忽视。有效地防范效果异化,新闻传播者应努力实现三个转变:由“传者中心”向“受者中心”转变;由“主观传播”向“主动沟通”转变;由注重主观意图设计向激活受众认知能力转变,从而避免新闻传播的负面效应,不断提高新闻传播质量。     

论“动机性推理”对思想政治教育的影响和启示

当公民面对新的政治信息时,以准确性为目标的人,会进行理性分析;而以维护一方观点为目标的人,会采取动机性推理。对信息传播者和信息的原有情感,会触发动机性推理的三种认知机制:先入为主、肯定性偏见和否定性偏见。它对于政治观点的稳定性和准确性具有双重影响。政党在进行思想政治教育的时候,不仅需要完善理论教育,加强事实论证,还需要加强政党认同,注重宣传氛围和情感转移。     

试论新闻信息语言特征

新闻信息是一种特殊形态的信息,在新闻写作中能较好地掌握表达新闻信息的语言规律,对提高新闻信息的传播效果有着积极的意义。一、新闻信息语言的模糊性“模糊”是语言学中一个有趣的现象。新闻信息是现实生活中的于受众有一定价值的事实,而描述这些事实的语言大都是模糊的,然而,却很少有人意识到新闻信息语言的模糊性。在我们的新闻写作中,大多数新闻都是用非精确词语描述事实,在不确定的程度上再现“场景”,仿佛模糊数学、模糊逻辑一样,是人类传播信息的普遍思维规律。请看下面一篇人物通讯对主人公的肖像描写:     

论软新闻的汉译英

软新闻的汉译英包括译信息、译功能和译文化。在这三者之间,信息的增删是表象,功能的近似是根本,文化的差异是内容。基于软新闻灵活的写作手法和丰富的文化蕴涵。本文建议软新闻的汉译英应该在不损害原文理解的前提下,适度地采取增译、删减、类比和改译等手法,以达到译文的衔接性、连贯性和可交际性。     

法律事实建构论的程序之维——以刑事诉讼为对象的分析

事实发现理论以对案件事实真相的追求为目的而无视或轻视程序的作用,最终导致程序的失灵.作为事实发现理论的替代性理论,法律事实建构论在强调主体对于法律事实的主观建构的同时,特别凸显了程序在事实形成过程中的价值与意义.法律事实建构论下程序的功能主要表现在,为法律事实建构活动提供了一个空间.法律事实的建构主要是通过开场陈述、举证与质证、法庭辩论等程序展开的.     

事实与价值视域下罪过构造中的心理事实研究

在事实与价值的哲学视域下,中外犯罪论体系都融事实判断与价值判断于一体;心理学的心理内容是自然意义的主观事实;刑法学的主观罪过都是由规范性心理事实和规范性价值判断构成的规范性概念;罪过构造中的规范心理事实,是立法者基于特定的价值立场萃取于自然意义的心理事实。     

对信息流向受众的透视——谈大众传媒的信息分类、信息密度与信息力度

本文认为信息是大众传播研究的起点,也是研究的核心。受众是为了享用信息而接触、使用大众传媒的。大众传媒是信息流通的渠道,它流动着事态信息、事理信息、融情信息这样三种为传而发的文化信息。而新闻信息仅是事态信息的一种。在此基础上,本文对信息在传播渠道中的流动状态、信息到达传输终点时的实现状态进行了探索,并指出信息的使命就是大众传媒的使命,传播者要以强烈的信息观念改进传媒面貌。     

全球化背景下中国科技传播者面临的困境及对策探析

在全球化背景下中国科技传播者面临着翻译障碍、发达国家垄断科技信息传播隐患、互助合作力度欠缺、科技传播体系不健全、科学技术新闻边缘化等一系列困境,据此提出相应对策：解决翻译障碍,消除发达国家垄断;调动互助合作积极性,不断升级体系建设;完善政策法规,消除科技新闻边缘化。以期提高中国科技传播的整体能力。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.