Public Opinion Trends in Japan

In order to determine quantitatively change and the persistenceof tradition in the Japanese consciousness over the past 30years, we made a trend analysis using data taken from some 1,500nationwide surveys. We found that changes in the Japanese wayof thinking have been characterized by a strengthening of private-life-firstand democratic ten-dences on the one hand, and. on the otherhand, by the persistence of nationalism and traditional socialnorms, although they arc also undergoing changes     

Intermarriage and the demography of secularization

One way of measuring religious affiliation is to look at rites of initiation such as baptism. English statistics show that for the first time since the Church of England was founded, less than half the nation is Anglican on this criterion. The pattern of formal religious transmission changed during the Second World War. Previously christening was quasi-universal, and the Church of England was the preferred provider. By the end of the war baptism was evidently optional, and chosen principally by parents whose religious identities matched. Further analysis suggests that affiliation now tends to be lost following marriage to someone from a different religious background, though the USA differs from Europe in this respect. A demographic theory of advanced secularization is outlined that specifies a proximal cause for declining religious affiliation, and provides tools for predicting the changes to be expected over future decades. The theory also helps to explain why affiliation may fall most quickly where there is most religious diversity.     

Recent Data on the Number of Adoptions of Foster Children

ABSTRACT

Public agency adoption programs require accurate and current data to identify trends, project caseloads and costs, revise practice and develop financial incentive systems. The federal government and advocacy groups also need accurate and current statistics on adoption to formulate and implement major policy initiatives. Collection of data to establish baselines for the federal Adoption Incentive Program resulted in a re-examination of recent underestimates of the number of adoptions. The underestimates were produced by a convergence of factors including under-reporting by states, use of inappropriate data as the basis for the estimates, and real increases in the number of adoptions.     

Intermarriage in the U.S.

No abstract available for this article.     

Recent Trends of Divorce and Custody in Japan

In Japan the percentage of divorces where the mother brings up the child has increased rapidly over the last 30 years from 40 percent to 75 percent. In these cases the responsibility of the father for financial support isvery obscure because more than 90 percent of all the divorces are "divorce by consent" on which no official check is imposed. Recently, in order to improve the situa- tion, the Japanese Ministry of Public Welfare has set up a commit- tee, which submitted a report containing some concrete guidelines.     

Single Motherhood,Living Arrangements,and Time With Children in Japan

The authors examined relationships between single parenthood and mothers' time with children in Japan. Using data from the 2011 National Survey of Households with Children (N = 1,926), they first demonstrate that time spent with children and the frequency of shared dinners are significantly lower for single mothers than for their married counterparts. For single mothers living alone, less time with children reflects long work hours and work‐related stress. Single mothers coresiding with parents spend less time with children and eat dinner together less frequently than either married mothers or their unmarried counterparts not living with parents, net of (grand)parental support, work hours, income, and stress. The findings suggest that rising divorce rates and associated growth in single‐mother families may have a detrimental impact on parents' time with children in Japan and that the relatively high prevalence of intergenerational coresidence among single mothers may do little to temper this impact.     

Patterns,Determinants, and Implications of Intermarriage Among Arab Americans

This study examines Arab American intermarriage using 1990 U.S. Census data. The results indicate high rates of intermarriage consistent with an assimilation perspective. Over 80% of U.S.‐born Arabs had non‐Arab spouses, implying a diminishing ethnic identification. Logistic regressions show that for both sexes, those with part Arab ancestry, the U.S. born, those with strong English‐language ability, and the highly educated were significantly more likely to out‐marry, as were Arabs of Lebanese ancestry. The cultural and structural assimilation of Arab Americans is facilitating intermarriage, with indicators of acculturation being the strongest predictors, especially for women. The article further discusses ethnic options for children of intermarried couples.     

Family Influences on Intermarriage Attitudes: A Sibling Analysis in the Netherlands

This study examined the influence of the family on native Dutch attitudes toward having ethnic minority members as kin through marriage using multiactor data from the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study (N = 1,652). Results from multilevel models showed that 28% of the variation in ethnic attitudes can be ascribed to the family. We investigated different pathways through which the family affects these attitudes; 60% of the family influence was explained. Results revealed that the intergenerational congruence of attitudes and the transmission of attitudes and structural and cultural positions are important mechanisms. Furthermore, family characteristics in adulthood—strength and warmth of family relationships—related to intermarriage attitudes, and the strength of family relationships moderated attitude congruence within families.     

Intermarriage,Ethnic Identity,and Perceived Social Standing Among Asian Women in the United States

This study investigates the consequences of Asian women's intermarriage—whether it is associated with higher social standing and lower ethnic identity, using data on Asian women (N = 589) from the National Latino and Asian American Survey (NLAAS). The socioeconomic status of partners of women who intermarried and partners of women who married men of the same ethnicity are compared. The potential associations between intermarriage and two subjective measures—ethnic identity and perceived social standing—are explored. The study rejects the hypothesis based on the conventional belief that Asian women in the United States find “better” partners with higher socioeconomic status from other racial or ethnic groups. The findings support the view that marital assimilation leads to identificational assimilation and demonstrate that intermarriage is not associated with higher perceived social standing. The results suggest that educational and occupational endogamy plays a larger role in Asian women's intermarriage than social exchange.     

国际科技园区发展历程、经验与新趋势

各国科技园区的成功经验表明,创新制度安排、创新服务网络、创新政策体系、创新人才培养和创新文化体系是造就园区创新活力的关键所在。随着新技术的研发与产业化应用模式出现的新变化,各国成功的科技园区在全新的起点上进入了新一轮的发展循环,其面向未来的演化趋势主要体现在产业体系、运营管理模式、创新服务网络和园区综合功能等方面。     

Correlates of Marital Duration and Black-White Intermarriage in California

A 10% random sample of all divorce cases in California in 1977 provides the data base for this study of black-white intermarriage. We find that although there are many similarities between same-race and black-white intermarriages, marriages which involve black husbands and white wives differ in several respects from other types. Not only are they shorter in duration of marriage; they have fewer children or none at all; spouses rank relatively higher in education, the black husband higher in education than the black husband of the black wife; they involve relatively few teenage marriages partly because a relatively high percentage of the black husbands have been married previously. In addition, when black husbands are married to white wives, they are less likely than husbands in other marriages to file for divorce, leaving that initiative, wives who tend to have slightly higher education levels than their black husbands. Though there are relatively few marriages of white husbands and black wives, they tend to be very similar to same-race marriages and thus tend toward greater marital stability in terms of the above characteristics.     

Recent Trends in Prevalence Studies of Children with Severe Mental Retardation

A review of 15 international community studies of severe mental retardation in children is given, updating the review of Abramowicz & Richardson (1975) and detailing discernible shifts in the emphasis of epidemiological research. A particular feature of the review is an annotated guide to the case-finding methodology of the individual studies, designed to facilitate the task of a reader with specific interests or needs in evaluating the quality and relevance of particular studies.     

Immigrant Incorporation in American Cities: Contextual Determinants of Irish,German, and British Intermarriage in 1880

This study adds to a growing body of research on the contextual determinants of marriage choice and provides new information on ethnic intermarriage in the late 19th century. Census microdata for 66 major cities in 1880 are used to estimate a multilevel model of assortative mating of Irish, German, and British immigrants. Results demonstrate that marital choices made by individuals are significantly affected by the local urban context where they live. In addition, the very large disparity in endogamy between the British and other groups can mainly be attributed to the smaller size of the British population in these cities.     

International Norms and Women's Rights in Turkey and Japan

In 1985, the final year of the UN Decade for Women, 20 countries ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). In this article we examine the decisions of two non-Western states to ratify the convention as part of this flood of ratification: Japan and Turkey. We find empirical support for the main hypotheses advanced in the literature on norm cascades in international relations, but we also find important evidence that suggests scholars must be sensitive to context in determining which states are “critical” in helping bring about norm cascades.     

Intermarriage of Frontier Immigrant, Religious and Residential Groups: An Examination of Macrostructural Assimilation

Intermarriage among heterogeneous social groups has often been studied as a process of assimilation. The present paper extends this research through a unique application of macro-structural propositions of intermarriage (Blau et al., 1982) to a nineteenth century American frontier population. Variants of these propositions are presented, used to address age patterns of nuptiality, and tested through a longitudinal application. Results support the utility of macro-structural theories in analyses encompassing initial community formation as well as assimilation of later arriving immigrants. Analyses illustrate both the assimilation of initially arriving immigrant groups on the frontier and the initial emergence of new heterogeneities in the established native population and later arriving immigrants.     

Children Born of Sexual and Gender‐Based Violence in Conflict: The International Criminal Court,Ecological Environments and Human Development

Children born of sexual and gender‐based violence in conflict have slowly gained international attention, even featuring in international criminal justice processes, such as those at the International Criminal Court (ICC). These children suffer unique harms due to the circumstances surrounding their birth, with a burgeoning literature documenting the long‐term and multigenerational impact on their development. This article contributes to this existing literature by applying Bronfenbrenner's ecological model of human development to ICC responses to these children, yielding a more nuanced understanding of the ICC as part of the ecological environment in which child development occurs.     

Trends in International and Internal Teacher Mobility in Three Pacific Island Countries

High‐skilled migration has increasingly been the subject of migration research over the past decade, but the focus has tended to be on health and IT professionals. In this paper, we address the mobility of schoolteachers in a region that has so far received little attention, the Pacific Islands. It is timely to examine trends in teacher mobility in the Pacific, given the shortages that are occurring elsewhere. In particular, the tailoring of immigration policies to attract highly skilled workers in areas of shortage could impact on the Pacific. The focus of the paper is on emigration and we argue that of three countries studied, only Fiji is negatively affected by teacher mobility. The Cook Islands and Vanuatu are currently experiencing low levels of international teacher emigration. Levels of internal mobility are also investigated in an attempt to see if remote areas and outer islands are experiencing teacher shortages. The preference for working near one’s land or on one’s home island is a strong drawcard in bringing people back home to teach. A problem arises, however, when not enough people are trained from a region/island and the incentives to encourage others to go and work there are less than effective.     

家庭文化资本、"影子教育"与文化再生产——基于县城儿童和村庄儿童对照的视角

教育公平问题一直是受学术界和社会大众广泛关注的社会热点问题.以往学术界对这一问题的研究多是在"城市"和"乡村"二元格局的宏观层面进行考察,鲜有从"县域社会"这一层面进行探讨.深度访谈发现,在家庭教育方面,县城儿童和村庄儿童具有异质性的家庭文化资本,具体体现在父母的文化教育程度、父母对子女的教育投资态度和动机、父母的教育期望、父母自身的阅读习惯和兴趣爱好、父母对子女的教育投入(时间和金钱)、父母与子女的代际互动以及父母与学校教育的互动等方面;在"影子教育"方面,县城儿童是"圈养"和"规训"的童年,而村庄儿童是"散养"和"游戏"的童年,体现的是区隔的课余生活世界.县城儿童和村庄儿童不平等的"双重"文化再生产机制阻碍了县域社会内良性、有序的阶层流动,使得县域内的社会阶层趋于固化.