“分而不离”与“和而不同”——云南双河、户撒民族关系考察

云南户撒和双河是两个多民族乡村,两地的民族关系状态反映出云南各民族分而不离与和而不同的两种民族关系类型,它表明各民族保持文化的多样性,依然可以和谐相处;民族间密切交流,也能够保持文化的特色。     

Living Apart Together Relationships (LAT): Severing Intimacy from Obligation

Living apart together (LAT) relationships have the potential to protect against both the erosion of autonomy whilst in the relationship, and the erosion of resources following relationship dissolution. Because of the freedom that results, for those individuals who are concerned with these matters, LAT relationships offer more scope for intimacy and emotional connectedness than either marriage or cohabitation does. This paper explores the motivations behind the choice to LAT, particularly in the over 45?years old age group, and questions whether LAT can be used as a form of political resistance against oppressive patriarchal structures. The author signals future social policy implications associated with this bourgeoning relationship form.     

Religiosity and Fertility Intentions: Can the Gender Regime Explain Cross-Country Differences?

Research on the relationship between religiosity and fertility intentions revealed substantial cross-national differences. In some countries, a strong and positive effect of religiosity on fertility intentions was found, while in others, the effect was weaker or not significant, and the reasons underlying these cross-national differences are still unclear. The aim of this article is to explain these macro-level differences from the perspective of the prevailing gender regime. We argue that in countries with more traditional regimes, a stronger effect of religiosity on fertility intentions could be expected than in countries with a more egalitarian view. We make use of the first wave of the Generations and Gender Survey and incorporate data from a total of 12 European countries in our analysis. We examine the influence of gender regime according to various macro-level indicators on gender attitudes and gender equality using meta-regression analyses. We also conduct robustness checks using other indicators such as the Gender Development Index. Our results reveal that the gender regime is only able to explain these differences in certain situations, specifically those relating to the long-term fertility intentions of men.     

分户不分居:代际支持与农村老年人居住方式

据统计,与成年子女共同居住仍然是农村老年人的主要居住方式,农村地区三代共居家庭的比例高于三代扩展家庭。为解释这种分户不分居的现象,在天津农村进行抽样问卷调查。在相关性分析的基础上通过logistic回归,探讨影响老年人居住方式的主要因素。结果显示,子代对代际支持的需求显著影响老年人的居住方式,而老年人的自身需求则对居住方式没有显著影响。三代分户不分居有可能成为农村地区代际合作的主要形式。     

社会工作者的离职意愿：行业内与行业外的比较

为了回答行业内、外离职意愿社工是否为两个相似的群体以及是什么因素导致有些社工想要离开社工行业而另一些社工却只是想换一家机构两个问题，采用中国社会工作者职业现状调查的子样本开展研究（n=1 528）。结果表明，尽管行业外离职意愿社工在人力资源状况上并不显著优于行业内离职意愿社工，但行业外离职意愿社工比行业内离职意愿社工对当前职业和工作的态度或感受更消极，且家人对其从事社工职业的态度更消极，职业对家庭的影响也更消极。这一结果表明，行业内、外离职意愿社工并非两个相似（同质）的群体；Logistic回归分析的结果表明，社工是否为家庭经济主要来源、家人对社工从事该职业的态度，以及职业认同对社工的行业内、外离职意愿具有重要的影响。     

Assessing Short-Term Fertility Intentions and Their Realisation Using the Generations and Gender Survey: Pitfalls and Challenges

The use of fertility intention questions to study individual childbearing behaviour has developed rapidly in recent decades. In Europe, the Generations and Gender Surveys are the main sources of cross-national data on fertility intentions and their realisation. This study investigates how an inconsistent implementation of a question about wanting a child now affects the cross-country comparability of intentions to have a child within the next three years and their realisation. We conduct our analysis separately for women and men at prime and late reproductive ages in Austria, France, Italy and Poland. The results show that the overall share of respondents intending to have a child at some point in their life is similar in all four analysed countries. However, once the time horizon and the degree of certainty of fertility intentions are included, substantial cross-country differences appear, particularly in terms of proceptive behaviour and, consequently, the realisation of fertility intentions. We conclude that the inconsistent questionnaire adaptation makes it very difficult to assess the role of country context in the realisation of childbearing intentions.     

Choosing to Remain Childless? A Comparative Study of Fertility Intentions Among Women and Men in Italy and Britain

Pathways to childlessness may differ not only between individuals but also at the population level. This paper investigates differences in childlessness by comparing two countries—Britain and Italy—where levels of childlessness are high in comparison with many other European countries, but which have distinct fertility trajectories and family regimes. Using data from two large, representative national samples of women and men of reproductive age in a co-residential partnership, it presents a rich analysis of the characteristics associated with intended childlessness, net of the aspects associated with being childless at interview. Although childlessness intentions are generally comparable between men and women of the same age, results show a link between socio-economic disadvantage and childlessness for British men as well as the importance of men’s employment for childbearing decisions in Italy. These findings support the view that pathways into childlessness are gendered and highlight the importance of partnership context in the understanding of fertility intentions. Then, the level of childlessness at interview is comparable across the two countries. However, a higher proportion of respondents in Italy is only provisionally childless, whereas a larger proportion of British respondents intends to remain childless. Framing these differences in fertility intentions within the wider context of family and fertility regimes allows insight into the extent to which observed levels of lifetime childlessness at the population level might result from a specific combination of intended childlessness, postponed decisions leading to involuntary childlessness, or constraints affecting abilities to achieve intentions at the individual level.     

学前儿童心理理论与情绪理解的发展特点及性别差异

以幼儿园小、中、大班共115 名学前儿童为被试,在进一步考察学前儿童心理理论与情绪理解发展特点及关系的基础上, 主要探讨了学前儿童心理理论与情绪理解发展的性别差异。研究发现：1）在心理理论任务上年龄差异显著,大班学前儿童成 绩显著高于小班学前儿童;在情绪理解任务上年龄差异显著,中班学前儿童成绩显著高于小班学前儿童;大班学前儿童成绩显 著高于中班、小班学前儿童。2）学前儿童心理理论和情绪理解性别差异均显著,女孩心理理论和情绪理解成绩在各个阶段上 均显著高于男孩。3）学前儿童心理理论和情绪理解成绩相关显著。研究结果表明,学前儿童心理理论与情绪理解发展具有相 同的发展趋势,而且学前儿童心理理论与情绪理解发展存在显著的性别差异,在此阶段女孩心理理论与情绪理解发展水平高 于男孩。     

Gender Roles in the Romantic Relationships of Women in STEM and Female-Dominated Majors: A Study of Heterosexual Couples

Gender Issues - Based upon social structural accounts of mate preferences and career interest, it is often suggested that women avoid high status, traditionally masculine careers such as those in...     

Gender Roles,Comparative Advantages and the Life Course: The Division of Domestic Labor in Same-Sex and Different-Sex Couples

Lesbian and gay couples by definition cannot establish sex-specific divisions of domestic tasks, at least not literally. Previous research has shown that high levels of equality characterize domestic work arrangements in same-sex couples. This study scrutinizes explanations for this. The theoretical background stems from family economics, from the theory of relative resources and from gender role and life-course considerations. The empirical analysis is based upon the Generations and Gender Survey from Austria, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Australia. Results show that same-sex partners engage in more tasks equally, that their housework-sharing pattern is less segregated and that the partners’ workload is more equally balanced. Comparative advantages, life-course differences and gender roles contribute to the explanation of higher levels of equality in same-sex compared to different-sex relationships.     

认知视域下隐喻加工性别差异研究的回顾与展望

文章以认知语言学近年来内部出现的社会和神经两大转向为基本理论框架,对隐喻加工中出现的性别差异进行阐释。从社会认知角度描写了隐喻使用和加工过程中的性别差异,并采取神经科学中的最新实证成果对差异产生的生理基础和神经机制进行了解释。证据表明,男女性在社会认知、大脑结构和神经基础方面均有不同,由此造成了二者在隐喻加工中存在明显的差异。针对实验范式、分析方法和考察视角中存在的缺陷,提出解决办法和应对措施,以期为未来研究发展提供新的启示。     

Gender Differences in the Transition to Adulthood in France: Is There Convergence Over the Recent Period?

Numerous studies have shown that educational attainment and labour force status have a strong impact on the timing of family formation for both men and women. The effects of educational level, school enrolment and employment seem to be different for men and women. The aim of this article is to investigate how gender-specific differences in family formation have changed over time, and more particularly, whether these differences have disappeared in recent years. We use a large-scale survey (more than 240,000 men and women born after 1940) conducted within the French 1999 census and apply event history techniques. The sample size allows us to test our hypotheses with more sophisticated models that cover several interactions. Our data fully support the convergence hypothesis for men and women with regard to the effects of educational attainment and working status (working/not working). However, it is only partly relevant for the effects of their school enrolment status on entry into first union and parenthood. For both men and women, the impact of work experience on first union disappears over time, but remains important for first parenthood.     

高校体育社团中的女生参与及性别差异——以清华大学为例

随着女权意识的觉醒,高校女生不仅关注参与体育运动机会的平等,注重健康及优美身材的塑造,而且积极寻求在运动上和男性有着平等的权利.调查高校体育社团的参与状况,可以部分反映学生体育生活现状及其参与态度.通过文献资料法和问卷调查法,对清华大学学生体育社团负责人和社团成员进行问卷调查,从女性学和性别差异的角度,探究高校体育社团中的女生参与及性别差异情况.研究发现,女性参与体育社团的程度仍然受限,男女参与比例不平衡,女生在社团中的角色难以达到领导者的地位;男女大学生在参加体育社团时的动机、频次以及态度等方面表现出差异;纵观清华大学女生体育运动的现状和历史,新时期各高校的女子体育教育应该与时代发展和人才培养相适应,继承传统,不断创新,发扬个性.     

认同与利益并进:奥巴马在非洲的外交战略

利用软权力推进国际关系,随着民族国家的建立这种方式得到前所未有的强化。建构认同,形成共同认知,收获相应利益,始终是国家制定对外战略的核心指向。美国作为一个取得了世界性主导地位的国家,一直以强化美国认同的方式制定和保护自己的外交战略。在与非洲的交往上,美国同样以建构认同的方式推进双边关系。当今的美国,正在以推动美国认同的方式来加大影响世界秩序的步伐,并且以美国自己的价值标准试图挽救冷战结束后日趋衰落的国际霸权,同时努力设计出具有各种不同功能和作用的议题来建造同世界各国的亲密关系,以最终实现所企盼的世界格局与国际局势走向秩序化。     

城乡、性别差异下一孩家庭二孩生育意愿的比较研究

二孩生育意愿作为了解生育二孩行为的重要指标,受到多种因素的影响,其复杂性导致已有研究结论的差异甚至冲突。使用广东省一个地级市的调查数据,开展定性比较分析(QCA)。对二孩生育高意愿的产生路径进行比较,发现四组人群存在明显差别,城市女性出现高生育意愿的比例显著低于另外三类人群;受教育水平和收入水平与二孩生育意愿之间并非简单的线性关系,在不同组合下将产生不同的结果;"有老人帮助"是绝大部分人群生育二孩的核心条件,幼儿照护的压力不容忽视;"理想子女数量"是四组人群高生育意愿的必要条件,凸显生育意愿的内生性。     

电商直播:技术推动下的媒介消费与再消费

电商直播是技术推动下媒介商业功能的又一次迭代发展,其本质是通过推动受众媒介消费实现商品购买的再次消费。传播样态与消费方式形成的逻辑呼应是电商直播快速发展的重要原因,其具体表现包括表演传播下的观赏娱乐式消费、互动传播下的情感链接式消费、场景传播下的沉浸体验式消费、群体传播下的价值共创式消费等。网络直播赋予了主播(销售者)和用户(消费者)更多角色、权利和表现方式,与已有商业模式形成明显差异,带动产业结构、商业模式、购物形态、主体角色、销售规律、消费体验等方面的变革。     

Gender Differences in STEM Disciplines: From the Aspects of Informal Professional Networking and Faculty Career Development

This study examines informal professional networks (IPNs) and their role in the underrepresentation of women faculty in traditionally male-dominated science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. A mixed-methods design was taken in which interviews were conducted during the qualitative phase to gather information of faculty networking experiences and the importance of IPNs in their career development. An online survey was developed based on the findings from the interviews and used to gather data during the quantitative phase to further probe the patterns and functions of IPNs. Major findings are reported, including the meaningful impact of IPNs on the career development of faculty in STEM disciplines and some significant gender differences in networking patterns.     

Beyond Hidden Figures: Shining a Spotlight on Constructed Hierarchies of Gender,Age, and Elementary Mathematics

Gender Issues - This article focuses on conversations about gender and mathematics among other intersecting identities such as age, education level, and professional expertise. I used positioning...