Deliberate Birth Spacing in Nineteenth Century Northern Sweden

Fertility in nineteenth century Europe before the fertility transition has been described as high, unregulated, and stable; the extent of fertility control remains a controversial topic. The aim of this study is to determine whether there is evidence of deliberate birth spacing in northern Sweden prior to the onset of the fertility transition. This study analyses micro-level parish records of 9,636 women in nineteenth century northern Sweden??a remote but, at the time, economically dynamic frontier region of Sweden. Event history analysis reveals evidence of birth spacing that suggests some conscious birth control. Piecewise exponential models of the transition from second to third birth reveal circumstances in which parents increased or decreased the time to next birth. The results on the survival of previous children, geographic context, sex of previous children, and variations in grain prices all indicate that parents deliberately manipulated the spacing between births.     

移动应用商店中的平台推荐网络分析

为了探究移动应用商店中社交生活类应用推荐网络和系统类应用推荐网络的结构特征,通过社会网络分析法和实证分析法,对两类推荐网络的网络结构进行计算和分析,并进行对比。结果表明,两类网络的密度都偏低,但系统类网络密度更大;两类网络的最大关联图的规模都较小,但社交生活类网络的最大关联图规模略大;两类网络的节点在点度中心度、中间中心度、接近中心度方面都有较显著的差异。     

我国企业创新网络发展现状分析

基于实地调研和问卷调查,分析了我国企业创新网络发展的背景,就制造商—供应商—用户之间的网络关系、同行企业之间的网络关系、国内企业与国外企业之间的网络关系、产学研合作关系、政企关系、企业创新行动中的社会关系等分别进行了考察,并比较了这些关系对企业技术创新的相对重要性。提出了我国企业创新网络进化的总体趋向是:在协调机制上,从政府协调走向企业自主协调;在功能上,从开采性创新网络走向探索性创新网络;在地域上,从本土创新网络走向跨国创新网络。     

团队网络特征对团队内非伦理行为扩散的影响： 社会网络视角研究

非伦理行为因其对团队的严重破坏而成为学术研究热点。个体嵌入在团队内部的社会网络中,因此除了个体特征、团队特征、情境特征等因素之外,网络特征对非伦理行为的扩散也有重要影响。由于社会网络具有动态演化特征,其研究也应采用动态范式。运用计算机仿真方法可以模拟现实中的社会网络结构及关系演变,并据此探究网络特征对非伦理行为扩散的影响机制。仿真结果表明,团队社会网络特征（关系密度和关系强度）对团队内非伦理行为扩散有正向作用,而团队特征（团队规模和团队内外控构成比例）调节这一正向关系。     

互联网嵌入、社交主动性对返乡创业者社会网络的影响

重塑社会网络是返乡创业者获取创业信息与资源的关键。文章从互联网嵌入程度及社交主动性着手探讨对返乡创业者社会网络的影响,以返乡创业者社交主动性为调节变量,构建概念模型并对225位返乡创业者样本进行实证检验。研究表明,返乡创业者互联网联系度及匹配度越高、社交主动性越强,越会促进返乡创业者社会网络的拓展及网络关系的维系,而互联网牺牲感对返乡创业者的社会网络起负向作用;返乡创业者的社交主动性在互联网嵌入与社会网络间起正向调节作用。      

The Impact of Labour-Force Participation on Childbearing Behaviour: Pro-Cyclical Fertility in Sweden during the 1980s and the 1990s

During the last two decades, Sweden has experienced strong fluctuations both in its economy and in its level of childbearing. A period of high employment and increasing fertility has been followed by a period of lower employment and decreasing fertility since the beginning of the 1990s. In this paper, we use register data for Swedish women in order to examine how various types of attachment to the labour market affect women's propensity to give birth at different parities. Specifically, we show what impact changes in women's employment status have had on recorded fertility trends in Sweden. We find that women who have relatively low levels of income and women who are enrolled as students generally have lower fertility than other women. We also find that a rise in the number of women with such characteristics can explain part of the decrease in fertility during the 1990s. It is evident, however, that other factors, working at the macro level, also have to be considered when one wants to explain the fluctuating fertility of Sweden. Social policy is one such factor. In sum, we find a pattern of pro-cyclical fertility, where levels of female earnings are positively related to levels of childbearing.     

社会网络及其对中国弱势群体的影响

从社会网络的角度分析其对弱势群体的影响,探讨社会支持网络的构建是对弱势群体研究的重要视角.统计资料显示,弱势群体的网络规模小,密度高、同质性强,关系种类少,这种状况致使弱势群体拥有的资源较少,社会承受力脆弱,向上流动困难,发展受约束.因此,应该通过建立社区支持网络,培育市民社会群体,形成公民参与网络,实现社会性相互作用,积累社会资本等途径,重建弱势群体的社会网络.     

社会网络调节下文化距离对双边贸易的影响——基于中国与“一带一路”沿线国家贸易的研究

随着“一带一路”倡议的推进和中国与沿线国家贸易联系的加强,除地理距离和制度距离等因素外,文化距离成为影响双边贸易关系的重要变量。孔子学院和华人网络构成的社会网络可在一定程度上调节两国的文化距离,减轻文化距离对双边贸易的抑制作用。构建以文化距离为核心解释变量,社会网络为调节变量的实证模型,基于2008—2018年中国与“一带一路”沿线52个国家的贸易数据,探讨社会网络调节下文化距离对双边贸易的影响,并在此基础上对我国与“一带一路”沿线国家贸易政策调整提出建议。     

‘The Effect of Social Networks at Origin Communities on Migrant Remittances: Evidence from Nang Rong District’

The literature on the effect of social networks on migrant remittances has ignored the influence of a household’s embeddedness in social networks in the origin community. This paper, using multilevel statistical modeling and social survey data from Nang Rong district in Thailand, examines how remittances between migrants and origin households are associated with social networks. Social network measures come from data on sibling and rice harvest network ties. Rice harvesting is very important to the rural economy, and households participating in the network are privy to vital sources of news and information that spread through the network. Results support the notion that migrants remit less to households that are isolates in the rice-harvesting network, which is theorized to be associated with access to information about employment options.     

Partner Choice in Sweden Following a Failed Intermarriage

This paper is based on the assumption that divorced and separated individuals bring with them the experience of a failed union which may shape their future choices on the marriage market. It aims to contribute to our knowledge of intermarriage, and social interaction in Sweden in general, by comparing the repartnering choices of immigrants and natives in Sweden who had made what is still considered an atypical choice of entering a native-immigrant union with the partner choices of natives and immigrants whose previous union was endogamous. The empirical analysis in this paper is based on the Swedish register data from the STAR data collection (Sweden over Time: Activities and Relations) and covers the period 1990–2007. All the analyses in the paper include individuals aged 20–55 at the time of union dissolution. The multivariate analysis is based on discrete-time multinomial logistic regression. The results show that for all four groups defined by sex and nativity (native men, native women, immigrant men, and immigrant women), there is a positive association between the previous experience of intermarriage and the likelihood of initiating another intermarriage after union dissolution. Another important finding is that the magnitude of this positive association increases with the degree of social distance between the groups involved in the union. Gender differences are modest among natives and somewhat more pronounced among immigrants.     

The dynamics of fertility amongst Palestinians in Israel from 1980 to 2000

A dynamic stalled fertility transition is the best way to describe the recent fertility experience of Muslim Palestinians in Israel. It is generally assumed that once fertility levels fall by 10%, transition is well underway. Muslims in Israel experienced rapid fertility decline from TFR levels near 9 in the 1960s to about 4.5 in the early 1980s, but period TFRs have remained essentially constant since then. This article uses multilevel statistical models and census data to examine the changing determinants of fertility amongst Muslim Palestinians in Israel during the stage when aggregate fertility levels approached stagnation. The results show that as educational levels increased among Israeli Muslim women, the strength and nature of the relationship between education and fertility has changed at both the individual and community levels. We also explore other potential determinants of fertility such as minority status and cultural affiliation—exciting new directions for explaining the stagnation of aggregate fertility levels.     

Social Interaction Effects on Fertility: Intentions and Behaviors

The existing literature shows that the social interactions in personal networks affect individuals’ reproductive attitudes and behavior through three mechanisms: social influence, social learning, and social support. In this article, we discuss the extent to which the socio-psychological model of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) takes these social mechanisms into account when used in modeling fertility intentions and behavior. We argue that by integrating all three social network mechanisms, the ability of the TPB to explain reproductive events could be enhanced in two respects. First, social influence explains why some beliefs and practices are reproduced at the individual level even in the face of macro-level changes, and social learning mechanisms are crucial to distinguish who finally adopts new behavioral beliefs and practices in response to changes at the macro level. Second, social support relationships represent a capital of services to complement institutional provision (informal child care) as well as a capital of knowledge which helps individuals navigate in a complex institutional environment, providing a crucial element to explain heterogeneity in the successful realization of fertility intentions across individuals. The integration of the three social network mechanisms into the TPB helps to address the connection between changes in what the theory indicates as background factors and variation in individual intentions and behavior. We develop specific hypotheses concerning the effect of social interactions on fertility intentions and their realization and conclude with a critical review of the existing surveys that could serve to test these hypotheses and their limits.     

社交网络对大学生人格和价值观的影响

以建立和维系社会关系为目标的社交网络,特别受到当代大学生的青睐,从国外的Twitter、Facebook、MSN,到国内的实名认证的人人网、拥有庞大用户的腾讯QQ、热火兴起的微博,都是大学生们常常用到的社交网站。人们运用社交网络来维系社会实体关系、展现自我个性、表达利益诉求,随着社交网络在大学生生活中扮演的重要性的逐日提高,对当代大学生的人格和价值观也产生的一些影响,值得我们分析、重视。     

单亲家庭社会支持网的结构探析——基于齐齐哈尔市碾子山区的个案研究

通过对齐齐哈尔市碾子山区的个案研究表明,碾子山区单亲家庭的社会支持网具有异质性低的特点;朋友网相对稳定,亲戚网和邻里网的变化引起网络规模的变动;进入单亲家庭社会支持体系的是绝对的“强关系”,体现了强关系的力量。     

企业流程网与员工整体社会网关系研究——以某企业的部门流程为例

通过对某企业调研和问卷分析,构建企业某部门业务流程网和员工社会网络,同时应用UCINET软件对部门流程网和员工社会网间的关系进行分析和讨论,发现该部门员工对本部门业务流程的贡献率有一定的差异,但是差异不大,员工工作分配较为均匀;工作内网中的员工工作讨论网对流程工作网有显著正向影响,工作外网中员工聊天网对流程工作网有显著正向影响,但从研究网络的相关性中发现流程工作网与工作内网和工作外网都显著正向相关。该研究结论对企业如何改善员工社会网络,以推动业务流程的高效执行有一定的指导意义,同时拓展了社会网络理论和方法在管理学中的应用。     

农村劳动力流动如何影响农户宅基地退出行为?

使用四川泸县和宁夏平罗县803户农户的微观调研数据,实证探究了农村劳动力流动对农户宅基地退出行为的影响及其内在作用机制。结果表明:农村劳动力流动会促进农户退出宅基地,且劳动力流动对农户宅基地退出行为的正向影响随流动距离的增加而增大。进一步研究发现,农村劳动力流动显著增加了农户家庭收入,但农户家庭收入在劳动力流动影响农户宅基地退出行为中承担的中介作用表现为“遮掩效应”。从农村劳动力流动面临的风险寻求解释机制,结果表明,来自市场、制度及社会等层面的风险均对农户宅基地退出行为产生显著抑制作用,且从社会网络异质性角度看,这些风险对低社会网络农户宅基地退出行为的抑制作用更大。因此,建议积极引导达到城市化要求的高收入群体走出“半城市化”,从市场、制度和社会三个维度破解农户宅基地退出障碍,帮助农户进一步拓展社会网络来弥补城乡分割的社会结构漏洞。     

社会网络与少数民族居民经济地位的获得——基于宁夏回族居民的实证研究

利用2012年下半年在宁夏收集的问卷资料,采用稳健回归方法探究了回族居民重要节日网络、餐饮网以及重要节日费用对其经济地位获得的影响。研究结果发现,重要节日网络规模显著影响被调查者的经济地位获得,而代表强关系的网络亲戚密度或网络朋友密度没有通过显著性检验;回族居民的餐饮网因子也对其经济地位获得产生了显著性影响。     

社会网络、社会技能与农民创业资源获取

获取创业资源是创建新企业的关键任务,但影响农民创业资源获取的关键因素以及农民创建新企业中的网络活动对资源获取的影响尚不明晰。以我国农村地区创业农民为对象的研究表明,农民创业者的社会网络规模影响资源获取效果以及物质资源和信息资源的获取,关系强度影响资源获取效率以及物质资源的获取,社会技能的提高有助于农民创业者对创业资源的获取,农民创业者的网络活动投入时间对资源获取的影响是正的但是边际递减的。     

在线论坛中的意见领袖分析

将论坛中帖子间的回复关系映射为发帖者之间的关联关系,构造出一个社群网络,并采用了统计物理学中的方法对这个复杂网络进行了特征分析,验证了其具有小世界网络的特征,并对基于小世界网络在线论坛中意见领袖的发现进行了研究,找出了论坛中的意见领袖并验证了其正确性,为进一步研究复杂网络中的人物行为奠定了基础。     

社会责任信息自愿披露、CEO权力与会计盈余质量——基于倾向得分匹配法(PSM)的分析

以2008-2013年沪深两市自愿披露社会责任报告的A股上市公司为样本,引入CEO权力等情境因素,研究了社会责任信息自愿披露对会计盈余质量的影响.实证结果发现,在控制样本自选择问题后,社会责任信息自愿披露具有显著的盈余质量提升效应;进一步考虑CEO权力对企业自愿披露决策的影响后发现,企业社会责任信息自愿披露的盈余质量效应受到CEO权力大小的制约,当CEO权力较大时,自愿披露社会责任信息与会计盈余质量的正相关关系不再显著.研究结论表明,企业社会责任信息自愿披露在一定程度上改善了企业的信息环境,提升了会计盈余质量,但社会责任信息自愿披露的盈余质量效应呈现出异质性和情境依赖性的特征.