Regulating child care: from the Children Act 1948 to the present day

This article reflects selectively on the development of the legal regulation of child care practice in England and Wales since the Children Act 1948. Two main themes are identified: the burgeoning burden of the statutory responsibilities of local authorities throughout the period, and the controls more recently imposed on the discretionary exercise of statutory powers. The impact of the latter on particular areas of practice is discussed within the context of the growing influence of international treaty obligations, the concept of children's rights, and the outcomes of research on the legal framework of child care practice.     

性别视角下的女红军研究

从社会性别的视角可以通过对女红军婚姻选择、人格独立、功绩认可、地位确定四个方面,来探求战争年代女红军自身在这场革命中的独特的经验和体会,探究女红军所经历过的＂妇女解放＂的艰辛历程,歌颂其在中国妇女运动史的贡献,以提供不同于＂宏大叙事＂的另一种历史的真实。     

Gwyn Campbell,Suzanne Miers and Joseph C. Miller (eds), Women and Slavery. Vol.I: Africa,the Indian Ocean World and the Medieval North Atlantic

Paul Veyne (ed.), A History of Private Life from Pagan Rome to Byzantium, vol. 1 of Philippe Aries and Georges Duby (eds), A History of Private Life (1987), ix + 670 (Cambridge, Mass, and London, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, £24.95).     

From Slavery to Hate Crime Laws: The Emergence of Race and Status-Based Protection in American Criminal Law

Criminal laws that punish discriminatory "hate crime" offenses relating to race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, and other status characteristics trace their roots back to the nation's founding. Unlike today, in early America, status distinctions in law, particularly racial ones, were intended to restrict the exercise of civil rights. Today's hate crime laws are the refined modern progeny of an important class of remedial post–Civil War laws and constitutional amendments. Although the Supreme Court has vigorously upheld enhanced punishment for hate crimes over the last decade, it has also established restrictions on the government's authority to punish bigoted conduct and expression. This article examines, through an analysis of historic cases, laws, and constitutional changes, the legal evolution that culminated in the passage of modern hate crime laws.     

Working with Female Offenders: Beyond 'Alternatives to Custody'?

Correspondence to Anne Worrall, Lecturer in Social Work, Department of Applied Social Studies and Social Work, University of Keele, Keele, Staffs. ST5 5BG. Summary Developments in the Probation Service in the 1980s have beendominated by the rhetoric of ‘Alternatives to Custody’.At the same time, there has been an increasing awareness ofgender biases within the criminal justice system. This articlereports on research into the attitudes of probation officersand female offenders and explores the implications of thesefor future work with women by the Service.