二元社会结构的实证分析(下)

(九) 养老保险制度养老制度是社会保障制度体系的一项。本节分析养老制度的同时,对社会保障制度体系做一般分析。19世纪末叶,首先是德国,由于劳动者的斗争,在铁血首相俾斯麦主持下陆续建立了包括医疗、事故、伤残、养老等内容的社会保险制度体系、俾斯麦公开宣称,社会保险制度是消除革命的投资,一个期望得到养老金的人是最本分的人,最便于统治的人。而几千年来直到现在中国农民没有得到过     

社会保障制度改革正逢其时——改革基本原则和今年改革重点已确定

记者从权威部门了解到,国家已经确定了社会保障制度改革的基本原则和今年改革的重点。这些基本原则是:首先,要适应建立社会主义市场经济新体制的需要加快改革步伐。其次,社会保障水平要与我国社会生产力发展水平及各方面的承受能力相适应。第三、城乡有别。第四、公平与效率相结合。第五、发展商业性人身保险和各种社会互助,作为社会保险的补充。第六、政事分开。据了解,今年社会保障制度改革的重点是,完善城镇企业职工的养老和失业保险制度,强化社会服务功能以减轻企业负担,促进企业组织结构调整,提高企业经济效益和竞争能力。     

中国基本养老保险单位缴费基数缴费比例探索

基本养老保险是社会保险系统中最重要的一个子项目,也是社会保障制度中最为重要的项目。依法及时足额地征缴基本养老保险费是支付劳动者退休养老待遇、维护基本养老保险制度运行的根本保障。征缴养老保险费是维护养老保险制度良性运行、保障养老待遇支付的重要环节,而缴费基数、缴费比例是征缴环节的关键。2011年实施的社会保险法对基本养老保险缴费基数提出了明确要求,费基调整必然要求费率相应调整,费基费率的统一是完善社会保险费征缴工作的必然选择和发展趋势。     

释放制度能量:农村改革发展的新取向

我国农村改革发展30年间取得重大突破,保护农民土地权益关键是赋予农民土地用益物权.当前农村土地制度存在的突出问题是产权主体缺位和土地流转机制不健全,探索农地流转新模式迫在眉睫.在社会主义市场经济条件下深化农地制度改革,既要注重研究农地所有制又要充分关注农地产权,按照效率原则对农地产权进行合理界定,通过完善农地产权交易市场、打破地区壁垒等途径,促进农地资产合理流动,实现农地资源优化配.     

初探农民养老形式对生育的影响

现阶段我国是社会主义制度,它要求人口生产和物质资料生产相适应。但由于我们的生产力还比较落后,经济力量还不雄厚,要把老年人社会保险与计划生育同时照顾起来有一定困难,特别是在广大农村,老年农民不如城市职工那样享受退休制度,也很少有社会保险,国家不可能在短期内实现对这部分人社会基金的全部扣除,老年农民在很大程度上仍然靠其子女赡养。加之在推行各种形式的农业责任制过程中,由于一些具体制度的不完善和干部认识上的差距,致使一些“五保”老人在生活方面出现了新的困难,普遍提倡一胎的现实人口政策,使不少农民过早地考虑到养老问题。因此,农村中养老问题十分突出。这就要求我们从实际出发,调查和研究农民养老的形式,分折这些形式对农民生育意愿的影响。     

个人缴费窗口如何缴纳社会保险

随着社会保障制度的健全和完善,社会保险在我们的日常生活中变得越来越重要,特别是关乎当前和未来的养老、医疗保障问题。但对于那些没有工作单位以及灵活就业的社会人员,或是暂时中断就业的失业人员,能不能自行缴纳社会保险,怎么缴纳,缴纳多少社会保险费呢?下面就根据天津市的相关规定对在个人缴费窗口缴纳社会保险做一简要介绍。一、个人能不能缴纳社会保险?根据规定,无雇工的个体工商户、天津市城镇户籍的灵活就业人员,以及未在用人单位参加社会保险的天津市城镇户籍非全日制从业人员,可以在个人缴费窗口按照相关费率自行缴纳城镇     

"中国社会保障制度改革秋季论坛"综述

近年来,我国的社会保障制度改革,引发了理论界、政府及企业界的广泛关注和众多探讨。2002年9月下旬在北京中国社科院举行的社会保险秋季论坛,对我国社会保障制度的改革进行了深入的探讨,与会学者和政府官员分别从不同的角度对养老、医疗、失业等国家或地区社会保险制度、国家和地区社会援助和社会福利的功能定位及体系构建、乃至社会保障的范畴的科学界定等进行了评价与反思。本文力图在小结此次会议的中心及重点议题的基础上,就某些问题作一些初步探讨。     

非均衡发展的社会保险体制:不平等困境和中国转型

社会保险制度是现代国家最重要的社会政策之一。由于中国社会保险制度改革推行非均衡发展战略,社会保险制度走向碎片化,产生了高度的不平等,最需要保障的人得到的保障却是有限的。因此,建议政府要重视最初的政策模式设计,为非正规部门的人提供非缴费型计划并在社会保险项目中贯彻普遍性原则。     

布莱尔政府养老制度改革及对中国的启示

布莱尔政府在英国重新修订了养老金计划,不仅更加关注弱势群体、更加注重保证社会公平,而且提高了养老制度自身的效率、实现了养老制度对宏观经济的良性影响,在一定程度上做到了公平与效率的协调发展.中国的养老制度在不断发展完善的过程中,取得了不少成绩,但也存在诸多问题.为此,借鉴布莱尔政府养老制度改革的成功经验,对于完善中国的养老制度,对于构建社会主义和谐社会具有重要的现实意义.     

黑龙江省社会保险制度改革初探

社会保障体系的建立是关系到经济体制改革能否深入和社会大局能否稳定的大事。党的十五大报告强调，为加快企业改革步伐，要建立社会保障体系，实行社会统筹和个人账户相结合的养老、医疗保险制度，完善失业保险制度。１０余年来，我省社会保险制度改革取得了较大进展。同...     

Longevity insurance annuities: China adopts a benefit innovation from the past

Longevity insurance annuities are deferred annuities that begin payment at advanced older ages, such as at age 80. Such annuities would benefit some older retirees who have drawn down their savings, but the private sector has problems in providing them. Originally, social insurance old‐age benefits programmes in some countries were structured as longevity insurance programmes, with 50 per cent or less of those entering the workforce surviving to receive the benefits. Over time, however, as life expectancy has improved, the benefits these programmes provide have slowly transformed into benefits that most people entering the workforce ultimately receive. This article argues that the reintroduction of longevity insurance benefits as part of social insurance old‐age benefit programmes could be an important policy innovation, in particular because this benefit is generally not provided by the private sector. China has introduced longevity insurance benefits as part of its social insurance system, offering a model for other countries, particularly those providing modest social insurance old‐age benefits.     

Occupational Accident Insurance Reform and Legislation in China

In recent years China has seen an increase in the number of occupational accidents as business privatization has led to the abandonment of earlier state-run administrative and supervisory bodies. Since 1 January 2004 there have been new rules on occupational accident insurance which have brought a number of innovations. All firms are now required to have occupational accident insurance and to pay the relevant contributions, while workers, including itinerant workers, in a de facto employment relationship are entitled to benefits from such insurance. However, it will take a few years to prove whether these legislative improvements are really practicable; and the system still offers no effective protection of legal rights.     

Social protection in the Republic of Korea: Social insurance and moral hazard

Abstract As reported in numerous studies, the system of social protection in the Republic of Korea long remained underdeveloped because of the priority given instead to economic growth. The past few years have seen major changes, however. The government decided to apply the theory of “productive welfare”, thereby committing itself to introducing a system of universal statutory social insurance which is intended to set the seal on a new social compact and which may, ultimately, impact on the model of socioeconomic development itself. This article outlines the recent changes in insurance against sickness, unemployment and old age and goes on to describe the moral hazard facing the new system of social insurance and the need for a form of joint management in order to minimize this hazard.     

Changing the Financing of the Lithuanian Pensions System

After the first pension reform in Lithuania, in 1995, the reforming process must continue. Important changes are needed, based on principles of old age security financing. A three-tier system has been drafted and approved by the government as a Concept of the reform. The main change proposed as a first tier is the introduction of a national pension based on the residence principle, instead of the existing basic pension based on the insurance principle. It is expected that in this way the problem will be solved of providing protection against poverty for the increasing number of people who do not have the necessary insurance record. The second tier should be a compulsory funded system based on privately managed pension funds. Several important goals would thus be achieved: diversifying the old age security risk between pay-as-you-go and funded schemes; boosting investment opportunities and encouraging financial markets to develop; offering improved incentives for the working population to contribute; and so on. The main obstacle to the introduction of the second tier is the high transition cost. The third tier would comprise voluntary pension funds: their activities should be liberated and the severe constraints on investment return removed.     

The health care system of the People's Republic of China: Between privatization and public health care

Chinese health care policy has undergone numerous reforms in recent years that have often led to new challenges, inciting the need for further reform. The most recent reforms attempt to find a middle path between public health care provision and commercial private insurance. In this way, China is following in the footsteps of countries that initially increased the role of privatization in the 1990s and at the beginning of the 21st century, but are now gearing towards public health care. However, this process of constant reform has led to a lack of transparency in the functioning of the health care system, provoking a loss in public trust. There remains an important degree of uncertainty about the future direction of developments in China. Nonetheless, a dual financing approach to health care using tax finance and social insurance might yet crystallize, offering a potential model to inform developments in other countries.     

Pension systems and prospects in Asia and the Pacific

There is a diversity of pension systems in the Asia and Pacific region. A growing number of countries have social insurance pension schemes, but many others which have provident funds have not set up any mandatory pension system at all. Demographic, social and economic changes mean the need for a regular income in old age will increase enormously. Existing schemes should be extended to all employees, benefits should meet certain minimum standards, administrative arrangements must adapt to structural change, and the budgeting both of governments and of households must be adjusted to take account of changing age dependency ratios.     

老年社会福利的香港模式解析

香港的老年社会福利由老年社会救助、养老保险和老年福利服务三大子系统构成,并具有福利主体的多元化、福利对象的补救性与普救性兼顾、高福利支出与低福利系数并存、高福利服务质素及福利资源有效整合等特征,同时也存在着福利经费来源可能单一化和非政府福利服务机构可能“行政化”等问题。香港老年社会福利模式对于内地具有重要的借鉴意义。     

The effects on intra‐generational inequality of introducing a funded pension scheme: A microsimulation analysis for Estonia

This article uses a single male cohort microsimulation model to analyse the intra‐generational and distributional effects of a shift in Estonia from a defined benefit pay‐as‐you‐go (PAYG) pension system to a multi‐pillared system with a PAYG scheme with contribution‐based insurance components and a funded pension scheme. We contribute to the literature on microsimulation by showing how introducing contribution‐based insurance components and compulsory defined contribution (DC) schemes can increase pension inequality. Our results show that in the case of a high level of inequality in labour earnings and high long‐term unemployment rates, such as in Estonia, the introduction of a very strong link between contributions and future benefits leads to considerably higher inequality in pension incomes as measured by the Gini coefficient. Simulation results for Estonia suggest that inequality in old‐age pension incomes more than doubles when the reforms mature. In contrast, the inequality in replacement rates decreases.     

构建老人福利机构危险管理机制——日本经验之启示

"养儿防老"是中国传统的养老模式,长期以来老人的养老主要依靠子女来解决,但是随着生活方式的改变、家庭规模的日趋小型化,老人的长期照顾问题受到了社会的广泛关注。近年来国家制定了相关的政策、制度以及服务来满足老人及其家人的需求,然而老人福利机构及所提供的照顾服务,其服务质量离人性化照顾服务仍有一段距离。就现阶段而言,老人福利机构所提供照顾服务的质与量,均有提升与改善的空间。日本是亚洲第一个施行公共性长期照顾保险的国家,其施行之初也面临着一些与我国同样的问题,为提升长期照顾机构的服务质量,日本厚生劳动省在介护保险制度施行后的2002年,就开始倡导老人福利机构应建立危险管理机制的理念,并于2006年修订老人长期照顾福利机构管理规则,规定老人福利机构应建立危险管理机制,以提升照顾服务质量。有鉴于此,本文将对日本老人长期照顾福利机构建立危险管理机制的过程、基本架构,以及相关课题做系统说明,为我国老人福利机构经营管理提供参考,也可为我国未来在探讨老人长期照顾问题之际,提供必要的配套依据。     

Adverse Selection,Bequests, Crowding Out,and Private Demand for Insurance: Evidence from the Long-term Care Insurance Market

Adverse selection, moral hazard, and crowding out by public insurance have all been proposed as theoretical reasons for why the market for private long-term care insurance has been slow to evolve in the U.S. Using national samples of the elderly and near elderly, this study investigates which is most important. The data contain direct measures of risk aversion, expectations of future nursing home use and living to old age, and the bequest motive. For both groups, we find evidence of adverse selection, and, for the elderly, crowding out of private long-term care insurance by Medicaid. However, we do not find that demand for such insurance is motivated either by bequest or exchange motives.