The Application of Pareto＇s 80/20 Rule to Law： A Quantitative Analysis Based upon Trials Involving a Plea of Guilty

在法律领域，特别是在诉讼等争端解决领域，司法机关可以通过简化简单多数和优化复杂少数实现最优司法资源的配置。司法机关简化简单多数，是要在保证法律主体基本权利的前提下，本着简化程序而不简化权利的原则降低司法活动的边际成本，提高司法效率并促进司法公正。基于被告人认罪案件审理的定量分析结果，中国刑事司法领域通过简化简单多数来优化复杂少数的资源配置机制还有较大空间。2012年《刑事诉讼法》确认的被告人认罪案件简易程序的实施，需要充分保障被告人获得律师帮助的权利，并提高侦查、起诉和审判等环节的司法效率，才能在整体上科学配置刑事司法资源并有效促进司法公正。     

坚持科学发展观必须加大反腐败的力度

反腐败是正确坚持科学发展观的题中之义。当前要注重从以下几个方面加大反腐败的力度：一是尽快出台党政官员收入与财产申报制度;二是要加大对一把手监督和查处其腐败案件的力度;三是要加大对司法系统等强力部门官员腐败案件的查处力度;四是要加大力度对拉动全国内需的4万亿人民币和对救灾、灾后重建资金的使用进行全程监管以及对“裸官”们的监督。     

刑事司法中的弱势保护理念刍议

任何司法领域都需要遵循一定的价值,这决定着改革的其他价值设定和改革的目标、步骤和方法。保障弱势人权就是刑事司法的基本价值,这决定着刑事司法在保障人权的前提下实现公平、效率、正义的目标。与国际人权公约相适应的同时,要求刑事司法本身的合法化和程序化,并实现中国刑事法制的现代化。     

中国刑事预审制度科学建构概论

刑事预审是庭前审查准备程序中的重要活动,主要是对案件是否符合起诉条件进行司法审查。完备的预审制度有利于保障庭审的高效进行,也有利于被控告一方对是否起诉的审查行使参与权。预审权既不是侦查权,也不是检察监督权,它本质上是司法审判权。预审应从侦查和审判阶段分离出来,独立地作为两者的中间程序。考察国外并结合我国的司法现状,在构建我国刑事预审制度中,预审的起诉决定对预审法官来说是一种相对决定权,检察官对决定有异议的可报上级检察机关审议,最终由上级检察院决定是否起诉。     

刑事侦查权的失衡问题刍议

反思现实存在的问题,可以发现我国的刑事侦查权存在侦查机关的自行决定权力过大,检察机关的法律监督制约简单肤浅,留于形式,犯罪嫌疑人的辩护形无力虚,刑事诉讼参与人特别是犯罪嫌疑人缺乏有效的权利救济手段和救济途径,导致刑事侦查权因缺乏有效的监督制约而明显失衡.根据我国的司法实践结合国际公约的要求,必须建立中立、公正的司法审查,增强由法官主持司法介入审查刑事侦查权力行使合法性,以防止侦查中的强制性措施对犯罪嫌疑人造成滥用伤害,避免侦查权的异化,达到社会主义法治体制在刑事侦查行为规范的完善.     

人权法视野下的刑事司法早期阶段法律援助:中国经验与发展前瞻

中国刑事法律援助向刑事司法早期阶段扩展的制度发展过程,既有回应人权司法保障一般标准的性质,也体现出鲜明的中国特色。中国刑事司法通过看守所法律援助工作站和值班律师等制度,为贫弱当事人提供及时有效的法律服务,是确保其平等实现有效辩护和公正审判的关键。在此过程中,公检法司等实务部门还面临着资源短缺、协调不足等挑战,为此需要动员各利益相关方力量,把握当前司法改革机遇,结合制度倡导、区域经验分享、科技创新等途径积极完善刑事司法早期阶段法律援助。     

试论刑事司法的社会化问题

司法社会化是在政治社会化影响下进行的司法改革运动.司法社会化作为政治社会化的一个重要环节,旨在通过法律文化的传播以及通过对司法在开放性和亲和性向度上的改造,使司法摆脱由于疏离于社会而导致信任危机的困窘局面,重新赢得人们的信赖.在中国刑事司法改革的过程中,偏重刑事司法的专业化而忽视刑事司法的社会化,从而导致了刑事司法与社会公众感情上的疏离,其解决路径是适度调和刑事司法改革精英话语与大众话语的矛盾和冲突,在获得社会公众普遍支持的基础上稳步推进刑事司法的改革.     

中国台湾地区刑事判例制度与大陆案例指导制度之比较

中国台湾地区的刑事判例制度诞生于民国初期,1949年以后在台湾地区的司法实践中继续适用;而案例指导制度则是中国大陆2010年才诞生的司法制度。这两个司法制度都属于中华法系,深受中国传统法文化的影响。因此,两者在案件选择标准、选编程序以及案件影响力等方面均具有相同或相似之处。但由于半个多世纪以来,海峡两岸实行不同的政治、法律制度,因此这两种司法制度在案件来源、选编依据、案件拘束力程度等方面也存在着明显的差异。通过对两种制度的比较研究,既可以深刻了解刑事判例制度在台湾地区司法中的作用,又可以为中国大陆案例指导制度的完善提供相应的经验和借鉴。     

影响刑事司法公众认同的因素分析

刑事司法应当积极追求社会公众的认同,以保障刑事司法社会控制功能效果的最大化。在实现刑事司法公众认同的过程中,刑事司法的权威、社会公众对刑事司法的信赖程度和社会公众的法律信仰问题,都会对刑事司法能否获得公众认同以及认同的程度产生重大影响。     

“恢复性司法”视角下“中国特色”的刑事调解

"恢复性司法"强调维护与重建被犯罪所破坏的社会关系.其在减轻诉讼压力、节约司法资源、维护社会和谐上的巨大功用得到西方各国的广泛认可,"恢复性司法计划"已在西方各国普遍实施.与西方先进的"恢复性司法"相比,我国刑事调解制度目前存在调解适用范围狭窄、忽视被害人个性化需要、片面追求"报应正义"等缺陷,已不符合国际刑事司法改革的潮流.鉴于我国刑事调解制度存在的缺陷及"恢复性司法"与我国传统调解文化的相通之处,将"恢复性司法"与中国传统调解文化相结合,构建"中国特色"刑事调解制度既是必要的也是可行的.但由于我国目前"恢复性司法"适用的配套措施尚不健全,因此,一定时期内我国刑事调解制度应着重对"恢复性司法"理念层面的引入,与此同时逐步健全、完善相关制度,以期最终实现构建"中国特色"的刑事调解制度之目的.     

China’s Anti-corruption Strategies from the Viewpoint of Criminal Justice

腐败案件的高发案率是中国当前所处的社会转型期的突出特点。为了适应治理腐 败犯罪的需要, 中国刑事司法形成了一整套独具特色的侦查体制、办案原则, 并且注 重依靠群众查办腐败案件, 注重打击重点的随时调整。中国刑事司法注重提高腐败案 件的侦查能力和加强反腐败刑事司法的规范化建设等, 这是中国反腐败策略在刑事司 法领域的具体体现。同时, 中国在反腐败刑事程序如何与国际公约对接等方面面临着 一些挑战, 这也指引着中国刑事司法改进的方向。

关键词: 反腐败 社会转型 刑事司法 司法改革

A high incidence of corruption cases is a conspicuous feature of China’s present stage of social transition. Responding to the demands of combating corruption, Chinese criminal justice has developed a unique set of investigative methods and principles for handling of such cases, placing a high value on relying on the masses to find and act on cases of corruption and promptly adjusting its focus to the key areas of such crimes. It concentrates on enhancing investigative capacity and strengthening the standardization of anti-corruption criminal justice. These practices represent the concrete embodiment in the field of criminal justice of the government’s anti-corruption strategies. At the same time, China also faces some challenges in adjusting these procedures to accord with international practice. This is one of the aims of the judicial reform in China.     

The mechanisms of corruption in agricultural price intervention projects: Case studies from Thailand

In Thailand, agricultural price intervention has recently been under severe criticism for its ineffective management and proneness to corruption. This study focuses on the mechanisms of corruption and how such destructive activities might be minimized. Case studies of three well-known crops in Thailand, namely paddy, cassava, and shallots, were utilized as the main investigative tool. Findings suggest that government price intervention programs generate significant economic rents for various stakeholders (i.e. farmers, millers, warehouse owners, exporters, etc.). To deal with this problem, the magnitude of economic rents should be curtailed through strict quantity limits and monitoring needs to be enhance both through better human resources and integrated information technology. In the long term, such blunt intervention projects should be replaced with more sophisticated, market-oriented risk management techniques, and strict information transparency must be ensured.     

Corruption, globalization and development: How are these three phenomena related?

This paper examines the existence of any relations between globalization and corruption using cross-section data for 127 countries. The estimation results indicate that, under the assumption of a linear model, a positive correlation between corruption and globalization exists, while when linearity is dropped there seems to be no significant effect of globalization on corruption. According to our analysis, linearity is a good approximation only for middle and high income countries. Hence, our main conclusion is that globalization is a powerful weapon against corruption only for middle and high income countries, while for low income countries globalization has no significant impact on corruption. For such countries fighting corruption requires additional global action aiming at the reduction of poverty.     

重塑商业反腐败之刑法规制(英文)

商业贿赂在中国的公职腐败案件中占有较大比重,必将成为当前和今后反腐败的重心。为了更好实现对公共权力约束的目的,应当结合商业贿赂犯罪的特点和新表现,对中国刑法的反腐败罪名的构罪标准、具体评价尺度等微观内容进行调整,以更有效打击商业贿赂犯罪。     

Are corrupt acts contagious?: Evidence from the United States

This paper adds to the literature by shedding new light on the causes of corruption. Specifically, we provide evidence on the extent to which corruption might be contagious. In other words, what is the extent to which a demonstration effect is at play at inducing corrupt acts? Using state-level U.S. data over the 1995–2004 period, the results show that the effect of neighboring corruption is positive and statistically significant in all cases, implying that corruption does appear to be contagious. Specifically, a 10% increase in corruption in neighboring states appears to increase corruption in a state by about 4–11%. Of the different types of government activity, the size of defense and non-defense federal sectors in a state seem to have opposite effects on corruption, with the former contributing to corruption and the latter serving as a deterrent. The size of the state and local governments does not seem to be relevant. Of the variables controlling for detection and punishment of corrupt individuals, greater corrections employment reduces corruption, while greater judicial employment seems to increase corruption. Changes in the police force do not seem to have a statistically significant impact. These findings generally hold when we control for the disproportionate effects of the Washington, DC area and when a pooled data set is estimated. Contagion effects are also found for other crimes. Policy implications are discussed.     

毛泽东反腐败思想的特点

毛泽东反腐败的思想与实践内容丰富 ,概括起来有如下特点 :对于反腐败予以高度重视 ,深入持久地进行反腐倡廉的教育 ,不可缺少的反腐败的手段和方法 ,严厉惩治腐败、依法治党治国 ,毛泽东的反腐败思想对于当前正在进行的党风建设和深入开展的反腐败斗争 ,具有一定的指导意义。     

市场化改革与腐败治理：基于微观案件数据的实证分析

随着市场化改革的深入，中国的腐败现象也呈增长趋势。本文通过对1993—2013年3 843个腐败案件的分析发现，那些具有配置资源权力的官员出现腐败问题的可能性更大，程度也更严重。这一效应在官员的任职领域正处于市场化改革阶段时被放大，但随着改革的完成而大幅度减小。市场化过程中腐败问题的制度性根源在于市场化改革没有完成或不彻底的市场化，而不是市场化本身。因此，只有坚持市场化改革，才能清除权力寻租的土壤，进而遏制腐败问题。     

The Policy Consequences of Political Corruption: Evidence from State Environmental Programs*

Objective. This study assesses the effect of political corruption on state environmental policy. Method. OLS regression analyses are used to determine if political corruption affects the strength of state environmental programs. Results. The results suggest that political corruption serves to systematically weaken state environmental programs. The effect of corruption is similar in magnitude to conventional explanations of environmental program strength, such as public environmentalism and state wealth. Its impact is particularly pronounced in states with strong organized manufacturing interests. Conclusion. Political corruption may systematically bias the substance of public policy.     

A contingency theory of corruption: The effect of human development and national culture

Corruption is a world-wide problem that disproportionately affects those with the fewest personal and economic resources. It was hypothesized that human development restricts corruption, and the magnitude of such an effect is contingent upon the conditions of national culture. Measures were gathered for 68 countries that account for 80% of the world's population. Support was found for the main effect of human development on corruption. Consistent with contingency theory, results also indicate that the relation between human development and corruption is moderated by power distance and individualism. Implications for policy making to reduce corruption are discussed.     

Recasting Anti-commercial Bribery Provisions in Criminal Law

商业贿赂在中国的公职腐败案件中占有较大比重, 必将成为当前和今后反腐败 的重心。为了更好实现对公共权力约束的目的, 应当结合商业贿赂犯罪的特点和新表 现, 对中国刑法的反腐败罪名的构罪标准、具体评价尺度等微观内容进行调整, 以更 有效打击商业贿赂犯罪。关键词: 商业贿赂 刑法规制 机制重构 Commercial bribery makes up a high proportion of all corruption involving public functionaries in China. As such, it must be a present and future focus of the fight against corruption. In order to better achieve the objective of restraining public power, we should adjust the criteria for what constitutes the crime of corruption and the content of the specific assessment of this crime in Chinese criminal law in the light of the characteristics and new manifestations of commercial bribery, with a view to combating it more effectively.