中国城镇居民收入差距对总收入差距的影响分析

1985年以来,中国城镇居民收入差距在波动中呈扩大趋势,对总收入差距的贡献也不断提高.1985--2010年,城镇居民收入差距对总收入差距的平均贡献率为15.48％.进入21世纪,城镇居民收入差距的扩大速度加快,超过农村和城乡之间居民收入差距的扩大速度,差距贡献率也超过了农村居民收入差距的贡献率,达到20％以上,且基尼系数在2007年越过了0.4的国际警戒线.因此,政府在制定缩小收入差距的分配政策时,应对防止城镇居民收入差距的继续扩大予以关注.     

黑龙江省城乡居民收入问题研究

2002年以来,在东北三省中,黑龙江省城乡居民收入的水平和位次均低于吉林省和辽宁省,且差距呈扩大趋势。其原因主要有:国家对老工业基地的反哺政策缺失,第三产业对居民人均收入的拉动作用较小,国有经济比重大,城镇在岗职工平均工资低,农业经营方式分散等。应加强政府对收入分配的调节职能,建立健全正常的工资增长机制,强化社会保障功能,积极创造就业机会,以提高黑龙江省城乡居民收入水平和位次。     

转轨期前苏联东欧劳动力市场中女性就业变迁分析

本文通过对比转轨前后女性劳动力参与率、就业率和失业率、女性就业结构与性别工资差距的变化,对转轨期前苏联东欧地区的女性就业变迁进行了分析,揭示出转轨期这一地区妇女在劳动力市场竞争中所处的弱势地位及两性不平等的显性化。     

SPECIAL ISSUE： INCOME INEQUALITY IN CHINA Inter-industry Inequality： An Important Source of the Urban Income Gap--Regression-based Decomposition

基于回归方程的收入差距分解发现,1988年、1995年和2002年,行业间收入不平等对中国城镇居民收入差距的贡献越来越大,而且这主要是由一些收入迅速提高的垄断行业造成的。同时,区位、教育、所有制和职业类型以及是否有第二职业对收入差距的贡献也在提高,是否完全就业和年龄对收入差距的贡献明显下降。因此,缩小中国城镇收入差距,亟需打破劳动力市场进入壁垒和产品市场行业垄断。此外,减轻地区间的劳动力流动障碍、普遍提高劳动者的受教育水平等措施也将是未来政府缩小城镇收入差距的重要政策着力点。     

教育对非农就业工资收入不平等的解释研究

基于分位数回归方法和1989~2009年CHNS的入户数据,根据明瑟方程的回归结果显示,低收入组的教育收益率高于高收入组的教育收益率。通过重新构建的工资不平等程度度量变量和教育不平等以及经验差异度量变量,对离差模型的分位数回归结果显示虽然教育能够提高低收入群体的工资收入,但是教育差距并不能很好地解释收入不平等的扩大。     

浙江省城镇居民收入分配问题剖析

几年来城镇居民收入差距从缩小到扩大几年来,我省城镇居民收入差距发生了变化,从1980年至1986年收入差距逐步缩小,而到1988年收入差距趋向扩大,虽然差距不是很大,但存在着不公因素。一部分低收入户由于受物价上涨的影响,实际生活水平下降。根据城市住户抽样调查资料,1980年至1988年我省城镇居民收入差距总的不是很大,吉尼系数都在0.1393至0.1770之间。但也有变化,1980年吉尼系数最大为0.1770,1982年最小,仅为0.1396,相差0.0374,1986年、1985年稍有起伏,而变化不大,到1988年又开始增大,上升为0.1641,说明城镇居民收入差距又有扩大(未包括收入特高阶层和非法收入)。     

经济收入的分化与夫妻关系

通过对上海九百余户家庭的调查发现，由于家庭成员的经济收益与其年龄、文化程度、就业行业职业、所有制性质以及在职、在岗状况的关系更密切，个人收入的性别分化相对较小，不仅夫妻间收入的差距十年来未呈扩大趋势，且总体上看，在岗在职女性家庭成员月均收入为男性的８１．９％，“老三届”夫妻的收入差在各年龄组中为最小，未婚女性月收入甚至高于男性，因此，女性在经济转轨初期的竞争劣势尚不显著，收入分化对夫妻关系的冲击也非一般想象的那么显著。     

哪些女性进入了城市高收入行业——基于CHIP数据的经验分析

利用中国居民收入分配课题组2002年、2013年和2018年城镇住户调查数据,研究了影响女性进入高收入行业的因素。统计分析显示,高收入行业中的女性占比在2002—2018年间有所下降。采用排序Probit估计进行计量分析发现,接受过高等教育、拥有更丰富的社会资本显著增加了女性进入高收入行业的概率,而年龄对女性进入高收入行业的影响从2002年的“年轻就是资本”,转变为2018年的倒U形曲线关系。农业户口对女性进入高收入行业的影响在2002年和2013年不显著,到2018年变得显著正相关。其原因可能有二：一是农业户口劳动力进入高收入行业的户籍壁垒在降低;二是这些女性是经过极度选拔和筛选后进入高收入行业的,这种极度选拔和筛选会带来收入补偿效应。政策启示是：如果要缩小中国劳动力市场上的行业性别差距,消除女性进入高收入行业的准入障碍是至关重要的。     

工作权威层的性别差距及影响因素——监管权威的视角

本文运用“中国家庭动态跟踪调查”2009年的测试调查数据，分析了目前中国工作权威层性别差距的现状以及影响因素。结果表明：体制外工作权威层的性别差距要大于体制内；在控制人力资本变量的情况下，工作权威层的性别差距非但没有缩小反而有所提升；承担家庭责任是影响女性拥有工作权威的重要因素。     

工资差变动及劳动供给行为反应模型

作者根据劳动经济学原理,采取实证和计量研究的方法,从工资差的角度考察了劳动力市场发育过程中劳动工资行为的变化,指出劳动市场尚在发育的中国,工资差作用体现为劳动力流动和有效劳动工资的调整这两种互可替代的行为。因此,成熟的劳动力市场要求建立具有激励效应的工资制度和较高的工资差,这两者是缺一不可的。     

Evolution of the Gender Wage Gap among China’s Urban Employees

本文利用1995年、2002年和2007年的数据, 分析了城镇工资的性别差距的演变特 点和影响因素。研究结果表明, 1995—2007年特别是2002—2007年期间工资的性别差 距显著扩大, 其中不可解释部分的比例也越来越大, 显示了性别歧视的严重化问题。 年纪轻、学历低、职业差、行业差的女性职工在劳动力市场中受到更为严重的歧视, 导致了低收入群体性别工资差距的迅速扩大。

关键词: 城镇 性别歧视 工资差距

Using data from the 1995, 2002 and 2007 surveys, the paper attempts to investigate whether the gender wage gap has continued to widen during the period under study. To answer the question, this paper utilizes decomposition methodology to decompose the wage difference between male and female employees into explained and unexplained components. The results of decomposition for 1995, 2002 and 2007 indicate that the gender wage gap increased significantly, particularly in the period 2002-2007, and that an increasing part of the gap was due to unexplained components. This implies rising discrimination against female employees in China’s urban labor market. Decomposition results based on quantile regression analysis indicate the gender wage gap is greater for low wage groups, as is the share of unexplained components in the gap.     

Institutions and the gender wage gap: How production and welfare regime moderates the effect of family policy

The aim of this study was to determine whether the effects of work and family reconciliation policy on the gender wage gap are moderated by institutional contexts of production and welfare regime. Using time‐series analysis for 13 countries from 1981 to 2015, the study revealed a strong association between childcare and a lower gender wage gap in the Coordinated Market Economies (CMEs)/social democratic welfare states but not in Liberal Market Economies (LMEs)/liberal welfare states. The study also found that the impact of leave generosity on the gender wage gap in CMEs/social democratic welfare states is less salient than in CMEs/continental welfare states. This study highlights the extent to which family policy affects the gender wage gap hinges on how each country organises its market coordination and welfare institutions and pushes the current literature forward to a question of ‘what kinds of’ family policy matters in ‘which’ production and welfare regimes.     

Do Mediterraneans really do it better? Explaining the lower gender wage gap in southern European countries

This article sets out to help provide a more detailed explanation for the narrower gender wage gap in Mediterranean countries. Two explanatory hypotheses are put forward and compared empirically using the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU‐SILC). The most widely accepted hypothesis is that gender wage gaps across countries are negatively correlated with gender employment gaps. The second hypothesis, however, is supported by evidence that the narrower wage gap in Mediterranean countries could be due to the differences in demand for labour in EU countries as a result ultimately of decisions by major corporations concerning the location of the activities in their value chain.     

Inclusive Europe: the impact of the EU Cohesion Policy on immigrants’ economic integration in Italy

By examining the impacts of the Cohesion Policy on immigrants’ economic integration, this study provides evidence on how the European Union promotes inclusion. Focusing on Italian municipalities, we estimate the causal effects of immigrant-related projects on the wage gap between natives and immigrants during the 2007–2018 period. We find a significant decrease in the average wage gap of approximately 7.6%. Specifically, Cohesion Policy played a positive role in immigrant economic inclusion through interventions targeted at supporting the employment and mobility of workers. For the inclusive dimension of the Next Generation EU program, this is key evidence to start with.     

Gender Pay Differentials in Portugal: Contributions to the Employment Policy Debate in the European Union

Since the implementation of the European Employment Strategy in the 1990s, the issue of gender gaps in the European Union labour markets has been granted a high profile. The Portuguese labour market has performed well on various indicators relating to gender equality, namely, participation and employment rates. Nevertheless, a persistent pay gap remains despite the recent evolution of the labour market, especially concerning the average education level of workers. This article investigates the main factors explaining the gender pay gap across two decades and the way those factors perform along time. We also discuss the means of closing the gap in the context of the European Employment Strategy, considering the lessons from other member states. We used wage decomposition techniques to analyse the relative importance of differences in the productive characteristics of workers, differences in the way men and women are distributed among jobs and the relative importance of discrimination practices. Our findings suggest that most of the pay gap is due to discrimination practices. Individual action by economic agents is insufficient to solve the persistent pay gap. Social partners must incorporate this issue within collective bargaining in order to construct an adequate strategy for reducing the gap, which can only be done by engaging men and women, employees and employers.     

Analyzing Wage Differential by Gender Using an Earnings Function Approach Further Evidence from a Small Developing Economy

This study uses the primary data from Fiji to examine if gender differential with respect to wages exists and if education plays an important role in the prevalence of the wage gap in general. The results of the study indicate that the inconsistency in wages is affected by both education and gender variables. This high disparity in wages based on gender raises serious questions about the government's ability to meet the MDG targets as far as the reduction of gender inequality is concerned.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

Trailblazing women in academia: Representation of women in senior faculty and the gender gap in junior faculty's salaries in higher educational institutions

This study examines how women's representation at different levels of an organizational hierarchy predicts gender equity in assistant professors’ salaries at four-year universities. This study suggests that women's proportion at the full professor rank is positively associated with improved gender equity in assistant professors’ salaries, while women's proportion at the associate and assistant ranks is not significantly associated with improved gender equity. Institutions with a female president, however, have a greater wage gap. Overall, the results imply that the presence of women who blazed the trail of tenure and promotion contributes to the improved gender equity for their junior colleagues.     

Assessing gender inequality in the Turkish pension system

Abstract   Since the 1990s, the welfare regime in Turkey has become more market-oriented. The introduction of the Individual Pension System (IPS), a privately managed defined contribution scheme, is part of this process. This paper uses an autoregressive stochastic model in order to show the total effect of specific disadvantages, such as a shorter working life, less earnings, longer life expectancy, real wage growth, administrative cost and risk aversion, on the retirement benefits of women in Turkey. Using an actuarial model, the article aims to contribute to the literature by investigating the gender gap in the Turkish defined contribution scheme.     

Pathways to gender equality: A configurational analysis of childcare instruments and outcomes in 21 European countries

The ability to produce desired outcomes represents an important basis of the legitimacy of social policies. Nonetheless, policy outcomes have not systematically figured in the analysis of childcare regimes despite growing political interest in issues such as female employment, gender wage gap, and men's involvement in childcare. In this article, we use fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis to investigate the relationship between the configuration of policy instruments, attitudes toward childcare and outcomes in 21 European countries. Our results show that there is only one mix of policy instruments consistently linked with positive gender equality outcomes and this route has the quality of the universal caregiver model. It also demonstrates that both a combination of policy instruments and favorable attitudinal factors are necessary to produce desirable outcomes in the gender division of paid work and unpaid childcare.