世纪末忧郁与美国精神气质——帕森斯与古典社会理论的现代转变

帕森斯的《社会行动的结构》体现了一种独特的探究，历史的、经验的和理论的研究在其中融为一体。在学科史的意义上，《结构》标志着“古典”社会理论的“现代”转变。不过，帕森斯是以一种典型的“美国式”方式完成这种转变的。囿于20世纪20、30年代、尤其是“新政”时期的语境，他给予处于世纪之交的一些重要的社会理论一种全新的阐述，把它们从其生身处境的“世纪末”中剥离出来，并暗中赋予其一种积极、乐观的“美国精神气质”，在很大程度上消解了这些理论和经验探讨中原本具有的同“世纪末”的社会、文化背景及其时代问题的复杂关联。悖谬的是，这种“美国化”的阐述在某种意义上恰恰体现了帕森斯试图建构社会（科）学一般理论的宏图，蕴含着某种普遍历史的取向。     

和谐社会构建与西方社会学社会建设理论

引言社会学与和谐社会社会学是由现代性催生并伴随着工业社会的出现而诞生的一门学科,这门学科在诞生之初确立的主旨和目标,就是致力于社会的秩序和进步。而秩序和进步在具体的经验层面上,就具有均衡、稳定、协调与和谐的意涵。正是从这个意义上说,和谐社会是“社会学”的题中应有之意,既是这门学科理论和实践的根本标的,也是它存在的意义与使命之所在。纵观社会思想史,从秩序、和谐角度讲社会的例证,无论在东方还是西方的典籍中,都不胜枚举。这一进路更是中国传统文化的一大突出特色,和合思想可说是其精髓,其意涵“致广大而尽精微”,影响所…     

独存·淹没·漂浮：寻求社会行动论的归宿

社会行动论依然统摄着社会理论的全旨,但知识塌陷和社会断裂使其漂浮。社会行动知识的非固定在体的游离或丢失,内涵了再次寻找社会行动论归宿的合法性基础和话语权。这种寻找可能蕴生出社会理论本体论的认识论和方法论的统一性知识行动,其结果或许会显现一种新的行动论样式。     

空间社会学：当代社会解释的新路径

20世纪70年代以后，当代社会学理论的社会空间转向兴起。空间社会学的基本命题和方法论要求，实际上表达了对传统社会学知识范式的某种修正或理论拓展。社会空间的发展脉络，既可从西方经典社会学大师马克思、西美尔等寻找到源泉，更能在当下中国社会学本土化进程中看到背影。总之，空间社会学逐渐成为当代社会理论转向的新路径，将空间概念带回社会理论或以空间思维重新审视社会，对促进当代中国社会学理论本土化进程具有开拓性的时代意义。     

Eight myths on motivating social services workers: theory-based perspectives

A combination of factors has made formal motivational and reward systems rare in human service organizations generally and virtually non-existent in social service agencies. The author reviews eight of these myths by reference to eight motivational theories which refute them: need theory, expectancy theory, feedback theory, equity theory, reinforcement theory, cognitive evaluation theory, goal setting theory, and social influence theory. Although most of these theories have been developed and applied in the private sector, relevant research has also been conducted in social service agencies. The author concludes with a summary of guidelines suggested by the eight theories for motivating human service workers.     

Professional Ideology, Middle Range Theories and Knowledge Building for Social Work Practice

Please address requests for reprints to Professor F. M. Loewenberg, School of Social Work, Bar-Ilan University, 52100 Ramat Gan, Israel. Summary More effective social work practice will require increased effortstoward knowledge building and theory development. Until a unifiedsocial work theory is available social workers will choose eclecticallyrelevant theoretical formulations from the large number of middlerange theories available to them from other professional disciplines.New middle range theories and innovative theoretical formulationsappear continually, resulting in a smorgasbord of theories,from which social work practitioners can choose. This articleexamines the effectiveness of an aclectic theory base for apractice profession. In the discussion of the findings noteis taken of the need for explicating social work's professionalideology as a next step in knowledge building.     

Creation of a social work practice plan: an attempt to learn from business and logic modelling

Social work practice is often criticised for lack of support of theories and research evidence. This article attempts to learn from business practice and proposes the creation of a plan as an essential part of social work practice and education to encourage the use of theories and research evidence in social work practice and to improve the effectiveness, efficiency and accountability of social work practice. Based on logic modelling, a modified logic social work practice plan is presented and illustrated using a case example. The plan incorporates basic social work elements and the elements of alternative interventions, monitoring and control as well as cost. The potential benefits of inclusion of practice plan in social work practice and the ways to promote the adoption of a practice plan in social work education and practice are discussed.     

The relevance of contemporary psychodynamic theories to teaching social work

Teaching and learning social work occurs within the context of relationships whereby instructors and students mutually learn with and from one another. This paper explores the relevance of contemporary psychoanalytic theories, specifically self psychology, intersubjectivity theory and relational theory, to teaching social work. The application of these theories reveals the need for instructors to attend to context, mutual and reciprocal interactions, multiple perspectives on reality, and disjunctions in the learning process.     

市场、制度与网络：产业发展的三种解释范式

产业发展长期以来一直是社会科学研究的重要内容,从现有的理论来看,主要形成了三个理论解释范式,即以新古典经济产业理论为代表的市场主义的解释范式、以历史制度学派和组织制度学派为代表的制度主义的解释范式,以及以网络和社会资本等新兴产业理论为代表的网络主义的解释范式。这三种理论范式分别把市场机制、制度与产业政策、产业网络与社会资本等因素视为产业发展的核心机制。在一定意义上,这些解释范式分别存在着“市场决定论”、“制度决定论”与“网络决定论”的倾向。     

Psychosocial and relationship-based theories for child and family social work: political philosophy, psychology and welfare practice

Psychosocial perspectives on children’s development are allied to theories that recognize the ‘self’ as essentially a social entity. The quality of relationships that children experience in their social environment have a profound effect on their socio-emotional development, personality formation and social competence. To this extent, psychosocial theories of children’s development and wellbeing can provide child and family social workers with a powerful framework within which to analyse, assess and practise. However, it is also recognized that the character of child welfare practices and policies are influenced by prevailing political climates. A simple dichotomy is described between political philosophies of the right and left; libertarianism and communitarianism; individual freedom and collective action. It is argued that the present swing to libertarian individualism has brought about major changes in the policy and practice of much child and family social work, including a preference for theories that emphasize people’s psychological independence, rationality and personal responsibility. In such a climate, child and family social work becomes more legalistic, orientated towards principles of justice rather than welfare, and towards rights and responsibilities rather than personal relationships and social competence. Psychosocial developmental theories, with their emphasis on the importance of social relationships and the emotional interconnectedness of people in community, fare less well under the rigours of psychological individualism and free-market economics. The paper concludes that if children’s psychosocial development and competence are a product of their social history, practices that psychologically ‘disembed’ people from their relationship environment are unable to consider children’s needs within a coherent, well-grounded theoretical framework. If child and family social work is premised on helping children develop social understanding and emotional wellbeing, theory and practice are best served by taking a psychosocial perspective.     

古希腊正义观的嬗变

正义在古希腊是先哲们探求的重要课题。文章在对古希腊哲学家和政治学家们的不同正义观系统梳理的基础上 ,揭示了其共同特征 :“神”是正义的基础 ;个人美德和社会规范是正义的性质 ;理性是正义的内在精神 ,并阐述了古希腊正义观与近现代各种正义观的内在关联及区别。     

社会工作专业化对社工理论的影响

现时社会工作的专业化和职业化的发展可谓如火如荼。了解当时美国专业化的进程及其对社工理论造成的影响,必定可为内地的社会工作建构提供宝贵的借鉴和参考的经验。     

Industrialization and Welfare: The Case of the Four Little Tigers

Established theories of welfare and industrialization have been abstracted from the historical experience of the Western countries and no attempt has been made to assess their empirical validity with reference to the newly industrializing countries (NICs) of the Third World. Reviewing the industrial development and social services of Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore and Taiwan (the four little tigers) it is argued that social policy development in these countries cannot be attributed to the effects of the conditions of industrialization in which political elites respond proactively to the demands of industrial change. Instead, social policy in the Asian NICs is largely incremental in character and the consequence of a variety of causal events which are not accounted for by established theories.     

Integrating political activism and a professional career

Psychodynaniic theories, once an essential part of social work education but recently neglected, have been reinvigorated in recent years through contributions from social constructionism, infant research, and intersub‐jectivity. These theories, with their emphasis on multiple perspectives, context, and collaborative relationships allow for important considerations of diversity as well as clients’ strengths and resilience, and can serve as formats for the broadest forms of change. In its contemporary form, psychodynamic theory offers a complex and rich understanding of human behavior and a direction for practice that is utterly consistent with social work values and interests.     

Implicit Theories of Peer Relationships

This research investigated the role of children's implicit theories of peer relationships in their psychological, emotional, and behavioral adjustment. Participants included 206 children (110 girls; 96 boys; M age =  10.13 years, SD =  1.16) who reported on their implicit theories of peer relationships, social goal orientation, need for approval, depressive and aggressive symptoms, and exposure to peer victimization. Parents also provided reports on aggressive symptoms. Results confirmed that holding an entity theory of peer relationships was associated with a greater tendency to endorse performance-oriented social goals and to evaluate oneself negatively in the face of peer disapproval. Moreover, entity theorists were more likely than incremental theorists to demonstrate depressive and aggressive symptoms when victimized. These findings contribute to social–cognitive theories of motivation and personality, and have practical implications for children exposed to peer victimization and associated difficulties.     

Using Social Work Theory for the Facilitation of Friendships

Positive friendships are essential to human development and resilience. In spite of the importance of friendships, few social work models have been developed to help clients establish or maintain friendships. This article explores how clinical theories of social work, and their associated practice interventions, can guide social workers in helping their clients improve their friendship relationships.     

论哲学社会科学创新能力的构成

哲学社会科学创新能力是指哲学社会科学创新主体为适应社会时代需要和理论自身发展的需要,对已有哲学社会科学理论与体系的推进和发展,主要表征为提出新理论、发展新方法、发现新材料和完善既有理论等。哲学社会科学创新主体由单个哲学社会科学工作者和机构（企业和科研单位）和国家（政府）构成,所以哲学社会科学创新能力的构成主要由创新主体取得创新理论成就的知识转化能力、人格品性素质、思想观念意识以及社会体制机制构成。     

当代社会认识中的审美追求

社会认识中的审美追求根源于马克思的在社会实践中“人也按照美的规律建造”的重要思想。当代社会认识的审美追求体现在三个层面:日常的社会心理;阐释的社会理论;决策的社会规划。在日常生活中,人们以美的眼光来感受社会的物质文明与精神文明。审美设计、管理美学、社会发展美学等新兴学科对日常生活审美加以理论阐释,在此基础上,和谐社会成为新的社会规划的审美理念。研究当代社会认识中的审美认识具有重要理论意义与实际价值。     

宗教信仰选择：一个西方宗教经济学的文献梳理

本文在回顾归纳国外宗教经济学相关理论和经验成果的基础上,建立了“供给-需求”分析框架。笔者认为,既有宗教经济学理论主要从供给和需求两个角度来解释信仰选择的作用机制。宗教市场理论从供给出发,认为宗教市场结构是宗教信仰的重要决定因素;宗教社会资本理论、宗教家庭生产模型、宗教人力资本模型和宗教事后保障模型则从需求角度出发,分别强调社会网络的人际依恋、宗教参与的机会成本、宗教产品的生产效率和宗教组织的公共物品供给因素等在宗教信仰选择方面发挥的影响。改革开放以来中国社会宗教信仰领域发生了极大的变化,引入宗教经济学视野一方面能为考察分析当今中国宗教信仰现状及推动其理论发展带来相应的契机,另一方面应考虑中国与西方社会之间的差异以及特殊性,对该视野的运用要有所甄别。     

自然科学与社会科学的融合是中国科学体系健康发展的必然

科学是一个完整的体系,只有把自然科学的求＂真＂和社会科学的求＂善＂完美地融合起来,才能达到真正意义上的科学之＂美＂。但自从培根和孔德把科学分为自然科学和社会科学后,因研究领域的完全不同,加之知识界的文人相轻,使自然科学和社会科学完全断裂,互相排斥。本文就是从科学发展的必然性上,主张自然科学和社会科学融合,促使自然科学家和社会科学家结盟,探索又好又快发展的科学体系。