SEPARATED WOMEN AND REMARRIAGE BEHAVIOR

It has been established that women of higher socio-economic status (SES) tend to remarry less and less rapidly after divorce than women who are less educated and less independent financilly. Using an exchange theory model, it is assumed that higher SES women stand to gain less from remarriage than lower SES women. In-depth interviews of separated/divorced women, thirteen at a higher SES and thirteen at a lower SES, explored the hypothesis that women who are financially secure behave differently towards potential mates than do women who are less secure financially. The results show that financially secure women have more opportunities to meet men, have more dates, and have more steady relationships than the others. But, in support of the hypothesis, they are more likely to break up relationships that do not suit them, they are less likely to tolerate abusive male behavior towards them, and less likely to flatter a man's ego. They display some behavior which is dysfunctional on the remarriage market. The discussion of the results focuses on the interrelation between socio-economic variables and personality/behavioral variables, including dependency and self-esteem.     

An Exploratory Examination of the Effect of Remarriage on Child Support and Personal Contacts

This paper examines the re-ordering of role relationships occurring after remarriage, and their effect on child support and personal contacts. Comparisons are made for three marital statuses-separation, divorce and the remarriage of either exspouse. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 101 divorced men, The findings suggest that voluntary support increases after the remarriage of the father but decreases with the remarriage of the exwife. Visiting frequency decreases, while visiting length increases with the remarriage of either exspouse. Phone calls remain relatively constant. An examination of ten intervening variables suggests that geographic distance, religion, social class, the attitude of the exwife toward the continuing father-child relationship and continuity of support payments act to reduce visiting frequency but have no effect on voluntary support. The data analysis indicates that the complexity of role configurations created by remarriage produces effects that have not received sufficient attention among researchers. Suggestions are made for further research.     

Stepmothers’ Role in Mediating Adverse Effects on Children of Divorce

Divorce and remarriage can be a stressful time for children: Stepmothers can aid in reducing negative repercussions. Effectively incorporating stepmothers into the family can aid in a healthy transition. Addressing role ambiguity, relationships, communication styles, and reorganization can help families avoid unnecessary stress during divorce and remarriage. Interventions that focus on increasing coping mechanisms and effective communication help reduce negative side effects and aid in the successful reorganization of the family following divorce or remarriage. Counselors can aid in this process by supporting families using structural family therapy (SFT) and suggesting interventions. When counselors and society support the diverse compositions of families, this reorganization can happen with less distress for the children involved.     

Remarriage Between Divorced People with Children from Previous Marriages: A Proposal for Preparation for Remarriage*

This paper discusses the special attributes of the legally reconstituted families formed when divorced persons who have children from their previous marriages remarry. The remarriage family is identified as a high risk group for which society has not as yet established norms. Interviews with 70 couples suggest that the stress for couples and families involved in divorce and remarriage would be prevented or reduced through remarriage preparation courses.     

Ease of remarriage for females: a cross-cultural test of competing explanations

Using data on the relative status of women in 93 societies, the authors attempt "to identify and test two explanations for the existence of sex biases in norms governing remarriage. These explanations focus on the benefits derived from imposing restrictions on women's opportunities in the remarriage process and the countervailing power women command to resist subordination and the limitation of their freedom." Results of a multiple classification analysis indicate that "both theories taken together do predict cross-cultural variation in sex biases in remarriage norms. In general, women experience more difficulty than men in remarriage in societies where females have little power in domestic contexts, there is low value attached to women's economic contribution and women have little control over property, control of female sexual expression is high, and the levirate is practiced."     

The family structures are changing—but what about the idea of the family?

In contemporary societies, stepfamilies usually emerge following divorce and remarriage. This family form has become more prevalent in Finland during the 1980s. The present article focuses on the public discourse surrounding the stepfamily as this is reflected in family and women's magazines. This discourse reveals the still prevailing strong cultural norms regarding family life: living in a family is defined as the normal way of living, with bonds of belonging together and biological ties defined as primary. The stepfamily is expected to fulfil these expectations. The ideology governing the stepfamily is therefore very similar to that of the traditional nuclear family unit.     

Ambivalence and Living Apart Together in Later Life: A Critical Research Proposal

Most unattached older persons who would like an intimate partnership do not want to remarry or be in a marriage‐like relationship. A growing trend is to live apart together (LAT) in an ongoing intimate relationship that does not include a common home. We address the debate about whether LAT constitutes a new form of intimate relationship in a critical assessment of research on LAT relationships that applies ambivalence and concepts from the life course perspective. We conclude that among older but not younger adults, LAT relationships are generally a stable alternative to living with a partner, negotiated in the context of current social institutions and arrangements. We propose research questions that address later life living apart together as an innovative alternative intimate relationship. We encourage comparative work on the unique challenges of later life living apart together, their implications for other family ties, and their connection to social and cultural arrangements.     

Attitudes Toward Inheritance Following Divorce and Remarriage

The purpose of this study is to examine attitudes regarding who should be included in wills following divorce and remarriage. Respondents were 268 men and 439 women. In mailed vignettes, they indicated whom they thought should be included in an elder's will. Three variables were examined: (a) family closeness, (b) contact after divorce, and (c) remarriage. Three factors were associated with inheritance obligations: (a) genetic ties, (b) patriarchal lineage, and (c) family ties, which were defined more broadly than genetic relationships. Few respondents mentioned factors such as family closeness and reciprocity. There was little agreement regarding who is and who is not in the family, but inheritance clearly was limited to family. Obligation to include the next of kin in the will supersedes obligations based upon closeness and frequency of contact.     

Barriers to Remarriage Among Older People: Viewpoints of Widows and Widowers

We conducted this research based on a qualitative approach to describe the opinions of older widows and widowers on remarriage obstacles. Based on purposive sampling and inclusion criteria, we chose 48 participants on maximum diversity of sex, age, education, employment, and socioeconomic status. Two thirds of the participants were female, 40% had spent more than 10 years widowed, and 65% were living with their children. We collected data individually through semistructured, face-to-face interviews. Based on conventional content analyses, 2 independent researchers implemented data analysis manually. Barriers to remarriage were finally categorized into 4 main themes: personal, normative, interactive, and financial factors. Results of this study showed that older people are more concerned about public opinions and social norms surrounding remarriage. As long as these thoughts and norms are not changed, the concept of remarriage among widows and widowers remains a vital taboo and concern.     

Nonresident Father Involvement With Children and Divorced Women's Likelihood of Remarriage

Although remarriage is a relatively common transition, little is known about how nonresident fathers affect divorced mothers' entry into remarriage. Using the 1979–2010 rounds of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979, the authors examined the likelihood of remarriage for divorced mothers (N = 882) by nonresident father contact with children and payment of child support. The findings suggest that maternal remarriage is positively associated with nonresident father contact but not related to receiving child support.     

Timing of Remarriage Among Divorced and Widowed Parents

Research on timing of parental remarriage is important to understanding consequences of remarriage for children. In this study, survival analyses were conducted predicting timing of parental remarriage from parental loss in a sample of 3,774 offspring whose parents divorced or whose mother or father died during childhood. Transition to remarriage was quicker for parents who divorced compared to those who were widowed, especially for fathers. By examining timing of remarriage from the perspective of parents, and thus children, we identify not only who is more likely to experience parental remarriage, but when remarriage is likely to occur.     

Family Redefinition

Data from family therapy interviews with four families are used to delineate common structural challenges confronted in the process of the integration of families formed by remarriage following divorce. Particular emphasis is placed on the spouse subsystem; the stepparent, stepchild, and the "ours" child roles; and the relationships with family members outside of the home.     

Remarried Men and Remarried Women

The study of remarriage after divorce has by and large been ignored by family sociologists. Previous studies on remarriage focused primarily on the individual's adjustment to or the aftermath of remarriage. Employing 1972-82 General Social Survey data, 1 use regression techniques to investigate the relationship between socioeconomic variables and the state of remarriage, for divorced men and women. I test the hypotheses that for men, education, occupation and income level are positively related to remarriage, while for women these variables are inversely associated with remarriage. As hypothesized, highly educated divorced women are less likely to be remarried, as are divorced women who are occupationally and financially independent. The important factor for divorced women considering remarriage is whether or not they are working. Divorced men, on the other hand, are likely to be remarried when they are older and have higher incomes. Unexpectedly, education is inversely related to remarriage for divorced men.     

Remarriage after divorce: recent changes and demographic variations

Using data from US Bureau of the Census publications from the decennial censuses and the Bureau's Current Population Reports, the authors analyze remarriage in the US. Among adults who had ended their 1st marriage in divorce, about 3/4 of the elderly men and 2/3 of the elderly women in both 1970 and 1980 were found to be remarried. However, the general decline in remarriage at the younger ages during the 1970s was accentuated among those under 35 years old. Although the proportion remarried among women with graduate school training was the smallest, that proportion declined less during the 1970s than for women in any other educational level. In both 1970 and 1980, the proportion remarried was positively correlated with personal income for men but negatively for women. An estimated 2/3 of those who end their 1st marriage in divorce will eventually remarry while they have young children living with them. During the lifetime of women in their 2nd marriage after their 1st marriage ended in divorce, only 1/3 of their children are born after remarriage, whereas 2/3 are born before their 2nd marriages. During the 1970s, the proportion of currently divorced adults living alone or sharing the homes of relatives diminished, while the proportion living as cohabitants outside marriage rose substantially. It appears as if both the divorce rate and the remarriage rate are approaching a period of relative stability.     

An Exploratory Examination of the Effect of Remarriage on Child Support and Personal Contacts

This paper examines the re-ordering of role reiationships occurring after remarriage, and their effect on child support and personal contacts. Comparisons are made for three marital statuses-separation, divorce and the remarriage of either exspouse. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 101 divorced men. The findings suggest that voluntary support increases after the remarriage of the father but decreases with the remarriage of the ex-wife. Visiting frequency decreases, while visiting length increases with the remarriage of either exspouse. Phone calls remain relatively constant. An examination of ten intervening variables suggests that geographic distance, religion. soclal class, the attitude of the exwife toward the continuing father-child relationship and continuity of support payments act to reduce visiting frequency but have no effect on voluntary support. The data analysis indicates that the complexity of role configurations created by remarriage produces effects that have not received sufficient attention among researchers. Suggestions are made for further research.     

Older widows'' attitudes towards men and remarriage

Sixty-four older women who had been widowed for several years were interviewed about their attitudes towards men and remarriage. Qualitative and quantitative data are presented. A majority said they are interested in or attracted to men, but a large majority said they are opposed to remarriage or consider it impossible. Number of prior marriages, length and quality of prior marriage, driving, working, persisting grief, other social relationships, prior caregiving, finances, age, and health were investigated as possible determinants of these attitudes. The findings draw attention to factors that vary historically by cohort, in addition to those that are age- and health-related, and support the life-span approach to human development. The attitudes of older widows towards men, courtship, sexuality, and cross-sex relationships are relatively unexplored topics in social gerontology; this investigation contributes significantly to our understanding of older women.     

Repartnering: the relevance of parenthood and gender to cohabitation and remarriage among the formerly married

This paper is an exploratory analysis of the impact of current and anticipated parenthood on cohabitation and remarriage among those formerly living in marriage-type relationships. The focus on children is embedded within a broader analysis of repartnering which takes account of other factors, including gender. Quantitative and qualitative analyses are used, with a multivariate analysis of repartnering patterns, using data from the General Household Survey, being complemented by in-depth interview data examining the attitudes of the formerly married to future relationships. The paper demonstrates that parenthood has a statistically significant effect on the likelihood of formerly married women repartnering, with a higher number of children being associated with a lower probability of repartnering. The presence of children can work against repartnering in a variety of ways. Children place demands on their parents and can deter or object to potential partners. Parents may see their parental role as more important than, and a barrier to, new relationships. However, mothers are typically looking for partners for themselves rather than fathers for their children. Among formerly married people without children, the desire to become a parent encourages repartnering. The paper concludes that parenthood should be a key consideration in analyses of repartnering.