中国育龄妇女的生育意愿研究

文章根据中国最近的生育意愿调查,分析了不同地区育龄妇女的生育意愿。各种调查比较一致地显示,中国育龄妇女的理想子女数大多是两个孩子。在经济发展较快、社会保障体制相对完善、城市化进程较快的东部地区,农村居民的生育意愿与城市居民接近;即使在生育意愿最高的西部农村地区,也仅有少数妇女有多子女偏好。生育意愿的差距已经缩小到仅仅是一孩和二孩的差别。强烈的性别偏好已成为影响生育行为的主要因素。     

"单独二孩"与"全面二孩"政策家庭生育意愿比较及启示

生育意愿是影响实际生育水平的超前变量,为预测生育水平提供重要参数.通过对山东省符合"单独二孩"政策和"全面二孩"政策家庭的大样本生育意愿调查,结果显示,两类政策家庭的二孩生育意愿和理想子女数基本相同,且愿意生育二孩的主观因素、地区差异及户口性质、文化程度、现有1孩性别等对两类家庭生育意愿的影响是类似的;生育安排、不愿意生育的主观因素、属相偏好等则存在显著差异.二元Logistic回归模型模拟结果表明:现有1孩性别、年龄、地区因素、主观因素等对两类家庭二孩生育意愿均具有显著的影响;"全面二孩"政策家庭更主要从一个孩子的风险性方面考虑二孩生育,"单独二孩"政策家庭则更多从自身养老和精神需求的角度做出二孩生育选择.     

中国妇女生育意愿与生育行为的差异及其影响因素

生育行为与生育意愿背离现象广泛存在。在发达国家,普遍的情况是实际生育率大大低于意愿生育率。发展中国家同样出现了生育行为与生育意愿背离的现象,但更多呈现出与发达国家相反的规律。中国也出现了生育行为与生育意愿背离,且实际高于意愿的情况。根据中国2001年全国生殖健康调查,基本完成生育的40~49岁妇女,其平均理想子女数为1.8,而平均实际生育子女数为2.2。利用2001年全国生殖健康调查数据,考察中国妇女生育行为与生育意愿背离的特征和影响因素,并考察个体背景(个人特征和社会经济背景)、生育政策和生育孩子情况(包括孩子的性别结构和存活状况)对生育意愿与生育行为的差异产生的影响。结果表明,这些因素都对生育意愿与生育行为的差异产生显著影响,但性别偏好是造成生育行为大于生育意愿的主要因素。     

三孩政策下已婚人群的再生育意愿研究——基于数量和确定性视角的分析

在当前低生育率背景下,精确评估生育意愿尤为重要。文章在明确区分“生育意愿”与“生育愿望”的基础上,从数量和确定性两个维度综合评估已婚人群的再生育意愿强度。研究结果表明,大多数人倾向于拥有两个孩子（理想子女数）,但实际的再生育意愿较低且存在较大的不确定性。即使只有一个孩子且未实现生育愿望,有意再生育一个或更多孩子的比例也很低,近半数人确定不再生育,其余人则处于“可能不生”或“尚未决定”的犹豫状态。这揭示了人们在现实因素的制约性下陷入既想生又不敢生的矛盾状态,凸显不确定性在生育意愿中的重要作用。此外,生育愿望、现有子女数与再生育意愿之间存在互动关联。未满足的子女数量愿望增加不确定的意愿,且能激发积极的再生育意愿。未满足的男孩偏好也能够推动二孩家庭更高孩次的生育意愿。文章为生育意愿的测量指标与方法提供了新的框架,也为理解生育意愿的形成和实现机制提供了理论和政策依据。     

重庆市居民生育意愿调查分析

本文通过问卷调查对重庆市居民的生育意愿进行了定量分析,对不同特征人群的生育意愿,包括理想生育子女数量、子女性别偏好、理想最佳生育年龄和生育目的四个维度进行了比较研究。文章在分析重庆市居民生育意愿的现状及其影响因素的基础上,提出了倡导正确生育观及促进人口发展的政策建议。     

南京市青年生育意愿调查分析

本文基于问卷调查资料,对南京市青年的理想子女数、性别偏好和预期生育年龄进行了定量分析,并对不同特征人群的生育意愿进行对比研究。结果表明,南京市青年多数不存在明显的生育性别偏好,少生晚生已成为其自觉自愿的选择。     

“生”与“不生”的矛盾——家庭资源、文化价值还是子女性别?北大核心CSSCI

文章利用2016年浙江省宁波市生育决策调查数据,考察家庭资源、文化规范和第一个子女性别对女性二孩生育决策的影响。研究发现,已生育一孩的育龄妇女中表示"打算生育二孩"的比例约为20%,且二孩生育意愿存在户籍差异;女性的二孩生育决策同时受到家庭资源和文化规范的双重约束,综合考虑现有子女是否能够满足其男孩偏好、子女对于自身的成本—效用以及可供家庭分配的资源状况等因素决定是否生育二孩;女性的再生育决策模式存在户籍差异,其中城镇育龄妇女的男孩偏好程度较低,倾向于根据家庭资源状况进行二孩生育决策,具有理性决策的特征,但流动和农村女性的再生育决策表现出明显的价值取向,子女效用、男孩偏好等因素对其生育决策的影响较大。     

流动人口的生育意愿及其变迁——以广州市流动人口为例

根据“广州市流动人口的调查问卷”数据,采用定量分析方法,阐述了流动人口的生育意愿现状,包括意愿子女数、意愿性别偏好、意愿生育时间及其在年龄、性别、婚姻状况的差异。在此基础上,探讨流动人口生育意愿的变迁,揭示出生育意愿的变迁主要取决于与城市文明的融入程度及变迁方向。     

我国城乡居民分年龄、性别和受教育程度的生育意愿研究

本文利用国家计划生育委员会2002年城乡居民生育意愿调查的数据对目前我国城乡居民分年龄、性别和受教育程度的意愿生育子女数量和影响因素进行了分析。     

性别偏好的代际影响:基于意愿和行为两种路径的观察北大核心CSSCI

文章利用2016年全国调查数据,通过观察意愿—意愿以及行为—意愿两种路径,实证分析了中国城市初婚女性性别偏好的代际影响。研究发现:父母对城市初婚女性性别偏好的代际影响存在同向关系,且与女性意愿孩子数量无关;公婆的代际影响只作用于一孩;兄弟姊妹性别结构对城市初婚女性的性别偏好具有显著的同向影响,另外,儿女双全原生家庭成长起来的女性相比较独生女更可能具有男孩偏好。研究结果揭示了在以一孩无偏好、二孩双偏好为主流意愿的城市女性中,仍存在着男孩偏好的空间,原生家庭父母性别偏好及行为具有显著影响。研究还发现现有子女性别结构以及根据出生性别比指标30多年来的变化态势分类以及现居住地省份对女性性别偏好的重要影响。     

性别偏好研究——潮汕地区一个村落的实地调查

出生人口性别比是人们性别偏好的集中反映,其严重偏离正常值的问题已经引起我国各界的广泛关注.本文引入布迪厄的实践社会学,借鉴并补充场域-惯习研究范式,通过对广东潮汕地区一个村落的村民生育行为进行定性研究,解释和分析性别偏好现象.     

A Centenarian Couple:A New Guinness Record

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A Right to Exist: A Palestinian speaks

This paper links theory with practice. It discusses original video footage of Palestinians living in the Occupied Territories, filmed by an all-woman crew of Western film-makers and Palestinians, which aims to challenge mainstream Orientalist discourses. The footage was shot in and around Al Aroub refugee camp in the West Bank and distributed through a variety of exhibition platforms. Western representations of Arabs are normally framed in a manner that allows little sympathy and/or understanding of their plight. Research has also shown a lack of knowledge in the West about the Palestinian/Israeli conflict. Focusing on “ordinary and everyday” aspects of Palestinian life, rendered often “extraordinary” by the circumstances of occupation, the footage attempts to draw connections and similarities for a Western audience and to illustrate that Palestinian daily lives are not “played out” only in opposition to the Israeli regime. The paper explores methods of enabling access to Palestinian voices in their own terms, while eliciting the empathy of audiences more accustomed to dramatised and stereotyped images of Palestinian life in Western news and current affairs footage.     

A rejoinder

In his thoughtful paper, Westoff has clearly shown that even if the ‘correct’ procedure is followed, it does not alter the finidngs of the Princeton studies. This is puzzling since his findings are so at odds with those reported by Duncan & Blau (footnote 21) for a National Sample of the U.S. population in the mid 1960s. The latter reported that the fertility of mobile couples was ‘intermediate’, between that prevailing in their place of origin, and in their place of destination, which is, of course, consistent with what we have noted for the Aberdeen sample. Thus, it would seem that one cannot easily dismiss the Aberdeen case as being different on the grounds that the social class system is more structured in Britain than in the U.S. The discrepancy in the findings is yet to be resolved.     

Selectivity Of Migrants To A Metropolis In A Developing Country: A Mexican Case Study

A proper evaluation of native-migrant differences requires information on migrant selectivity. Are migrants positively or negatively selective or are they representative of the populations from which they originate? This question was posed for a sample of male migrants to Monterrey, Mexico, a rapidly growing metropolis in a developing country. A comparison was made between the characteristics of migrants and census information for the origin populations for 1940 and 1960. Overall, in terms of education and occupational position, migrants are positively selective. However, using three time-of-arrival cohorts, it is shown that migrants have become less selective over time. There has been a shift from a “pioneer” to a “mass” pattern of migration, with the latter group more closely approximating the characteristics of the origin population. Besides having lower educational and skill levels, the “mass” migrants are more likely to be made up of married men and their families. To the extent that the Monterrey pattern will be encountered in other large and fast-growing urban areas in Latin America, it suggests that the assimilation of migrants in these places will become more rather than less difficult.     

A Child Labour Estimator: A Case of Bahawalpur Division

Social Indicators Research - Child labor is a distressing issue. There have been many attempts to estimate its magnitude. It is attempted here to develop an estimator to assess the magnitude of...     

A Waif's Progress

This paper draws on a case study of media images of the British model Kate Moss to think through questions of affect, ideology, and pleasure in relation to fashion imagery. The question of whether and to what extent media images affect spectators is central to contemporary feminist media studies. The “turn to affect” has revitalised the debate about the extent to which media images can be held accountable for oppressive effects on the spectator's body image, with affect theory often being pitted “against” feminism in this regard. As Clare Hemmings states, affect theory emphasises how emotions place individual bodies in a circuit of feeling and response, connecting them to one another in ways that are potentially transformative. Through a critical reading of Kate Moss as a highly visible figure of projection, anxiety, and fantasy, I aim to show that whilst affects may be unpredictable, in that some media images become particular objects of attachment and anxiety, they are also mediated and political: that they engage us in intimate relations with ideologies of gender, power, and embodiment.     

一部不可多得的力作——评马佰莲博士的《国家目标下的科学家个人自由》一书

马佰莲博士、现为山东大学哲学教授,曾参与省部级人文社科基金多项,先后在《哲学研究》、《自然辩证法研究》及《科学研究》等国内重要学术刊物上发表专业学术论文三十余篇,出版著作多部。2008年由中国社会科学出版社出版的《国家目标下的科学家个人自由》一书,是她近期推出的又一部力作。