欠发达地区农村贫困性质的转变和扶贫战略调整—以甘肃为例

贫困问题一直是人类社会发展中的重要难题.由于自然、历史、社会等原因,许多甘肃农村地区一直受贫困困扰.扶贫战略的实施,使扶贫工作取得了显著成绩,农村面貌发生了很大的改变.但是随着社会经济的发展和各项改革向纵深推进,甘肃农村贫困性质也发生了重大转变.本文在对甘肃农村贫困现状进行总结的基础上,分析了甘肃农村贫困性质发生的转变,提出了新时期甘肃农村扶贫战略调整的建议.     

“主位”视角下光棍社会地位的再研究——基于江汉平原的经验调查

光棍在传统社会中成为一种依附性的力量,嵌入到村庄结构中。光棍是弱势的文化指涉始终是乡土社会实践的“非意外结果”。由此,学者通过“婚姻挤压”和“婚姻排斥”导演出光棍的“被迫性”问题。但是,随着差序格局的理性化和传统村落社区的解体,光棍的“弱势”意蕴逐渐得以“祛魅”。基于经验调查,本文从“主位”视角出发展开对光棍社会地位的再研究,从经济条件的优厚者、婚姻的高价者、家庭结构中的当家者、人情的积极互动者、关系和资源的拥有者五个方面来呈现出光棍较高的社会地位,打破光棍弱势之迷,光棍只是作为一种生活方式的选择而已,这样就将光棍研究进一步推向“主位选择”的纵深层面。     

多重边缘者：基于对D村光棍群体社会地位的考察

本文将光棍群体放在村落共同体转型背景下进行理解后发现,光棍群体社会地位低下,处于村落社区末端,他们在家庭内部、人情交往、公共生活和政治参与四个层面均被村落社区完全排斥在外,从而处于多重边缘地位。改善光棍群体的社会地位需要关注他们的生活质量以及加强村落共同体内部的组织建设。     

经济转轨以前俄罗斯人口贫困状况及原因

人口贫困是一个内涵十分广泛和深刻的社会历史范畴,究其实质而言,这是一种能力贫困。中国和俄罗斯等转轨国家在改革前存在许多共同的特征,更为重要的是,社会主义制度不是建立在高度发达的资本主义社会基础之上,这就注定了贫困与反贫困问题必然要成为这些国家面临的共同课题。所不同的是,苏联和当代俄罗斯的人口贫困主要表现为收入贫困,中国则主要是知识贫困。苏联时期人口贫困的主要原因有经济绩效的递减趋势、国家经济发展战略的错误、所有制结构的单一、收入分配机制中的平均主义。     

国内精准扶贫领域研究热点及演化路径——基于CNKI样本文献(2014~2019)的计量分析CSSCI

在2020年中国全面脱贫攻坚进入倒计时之际,通过对国内精准扶贫领域的研究进行回顾,以2014~2019年关于精准扶贫的2698篇样本文献作为研究对象,从文献计量角度对文献数量、科研机构发文量、科研基金资助信息等方面分析国内精准扶贫研究现状,同时运用社会网络分析和聚类分析等方法绘制科学图谱客观呈现和分析国内精准扶贫领域的热点主题及其演化路径,为中国后扶贫时代的到来及新扶贫议题的凝练夯实基础。研究发现,目前国内精准扶贫领域研究热点主要集中在贫困治理与减贫效应议题、财政金融保障议题、教育扶贫与多维贫困议题、产业与乡村发展议题和科技创新与文化扶贫议题,呈现多元化演进趋势,通过时间维度视角进行切割,对各个议题的演化路径进行分析和梳理,揭示各个研究热点的发展趋势。未来,防止返贫、可持续脱贫机制研究;贫困户自我发展能力、内生动力提升研究;破解城乡二元体系结构研究;乡村振兴与精准扶贫有效衔接研究;先进科学技术赋能精准扶贫研究将是国内精准扶贫领域研究的潜在热点。     

对我国城市化与城市贫困的几点思考

城市化是我国经济发展的必然趋势。本文主要探讨我国在城市化过程中的城市贫困问题,针对新增城市人口的主要组成部分是贫困人口,并出现农村贫困向城市转移的过程,强调由此带来的孟买现象、数字鸿沟、房地产建设对城市贫困人群的忽视和贫困社区、文化贫困等易被忽略却会产生严重社会经济后果的因素,今后在城市化过程中应避免这些问题的产生以保障经济的可持续发展。     

连片特困地区农户扶贫参与意愿及其影响因素研究——基于武陵山区贫困农户样本数据

本文利用武陵山区4省9县的271个样本研究了贫困农户参与扶贫活动的意愿及行为.结果表明:在由政府主导的传统扶贫模式下,贫困农户参与扶贫的意愿总体较低,他们在扶贫活动中主要是"被动接受"而非"主动参与",贫困农户在扶贫活动中的主体地位遭到排斥;本文通过结构方程模型进一步研究发现:扶贫活动中的政府角色、政府公正以及农户对政府的信任等对贫困农户的扶贫参与均有显著的直接效应,同时"政府角色"和"政府公正"还会通过"政府信任"对贫困农户的扶贫参与产生间接影响;其中"政府角色"对贫困农户扶贫参与意愿的总效应最大,由此表明政府在扶贫活动中的"角色错位"是造成贫困农户在扶贫活动中主体缺位的主要原因.     

对浙江省"下山脱贫"工程的省思

文章以浙江省下山移民脱贫为案例,分析移民行动发生过程中政府的动机及实践中存在的问题,并探讨"自下而上"的贫困群体自主脱贫和"自上而下"的政府扶持服务相结合的扶贫模式,以期实现对贫困问题的良性治理.     

新疆城镇贫困及反贫困研究

新疆目前的贫困是农村地区的贫困。随着改革开放事业的逐步深入,新疆城镇出现了大量的贫困群体,他们对新疆的社会稳定和经济发展的影响比较大,其消极影响不能忽视。造成新疆城镇贫困的主要原因是就业不足、市场机制不完善和城镇社会保障制度不健全等。为解决城镇贫困问题,我们必须以人为本,扩大就业,逐步完善社会保障制度,政策上采取各种优惠措施,尽量保证城镇贫困群体的根本利益。     

人口转变与老年贫困问题的理论思考

文章将人口转变与老年贫困之间的关系置于社会经济转型的大环境中,从理论的角度探讨了社会和家庭层次的人口转变与65岁及以上老年群体经济贫困和社会贫困之间的关系。人口转变与老年贫困之间呈复杂的动态关系,因人口转变的不同维度、贫困的不同类型、不同老年人群而异。文章指出,人口转变不一定带来老年贫困,但要防微杜渐,未雨绸缪。     

"Mummies and babies" and friends and lovers in Lesotho

This paper examines an institutionalized friendship among adolescent girls and young women in southern Africa. Lesotho's economy is based on migrant male labor which leaves the women dependent on male earnings or subsistence from the land, and also creates unstable marital relations. Young girls in the modern schools develop close relationships, called "mummy-baby," with slightly older girls. Sexual intimacy is an important aspect of these relationships. Mummy-baby relationships not only provide emotional support prior to marriage, but also a network of support for married and unmarried women in new towns or schools, either replacing or accompanying heterosexual bonds.     

Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators

Mediation and moderation are two theories for refining and understanding a causal relationship. Empirical investigation of mediators and moderators requires an integrated research design rather than the data analyses driven approach often seen in the literature. This paper described the conceptual foundation, research design, data analysis, as well as inferences involved in a mediation and/or moderation investigation in both experimental and non-experimental (i.e., correlational) contexts. The essential distinctions between the investigation of mediators and moderators were summarized and juxtaposed in an example of a causal relationship between test difficulty and test anxiety. In addition, the more elaborate models, moderated mediation and mediated moderation, the use of structural equation models, and the problems with model misspecification were discussed conceptually.

Complementary and alternative medicine: Interaction and communication between midwives and women

BackgroundMany pregnant women use complementary and alternative medicine. Although midwives are often supportive, how they communicate with women about the safe use of these therapies has received limited research attention.AimThe aim of this study was to explore how midwives interact with women regarding use of complementary and alternative medicine during pregnancy.MethodsWe utilised grounded theory methodology to collect and analyse data. Twenty-five midwives who worked in metropolitan hospitals situated in Melbourne, Australia, participated in the study. Data were collected from semi structured interviews and non-participant observations, over an 18-month period.FindingsHow midwives communicate about complementary and alternative medicine is closely associated with the meaning they construct around the woman's role in decisionmaking. Most aim to work in a manner consistent with the midwifery partnership model and share the responsibility for decisions regarding complementary and alternative medicine. However, although various therapies were commonly discussed, usually the pregnant woman initiated the dialogue. A number of contextual conditions such as the biomedical discourse, lack of knowledge, language barriers and workplace constraints, limited communication in some situations.ConclusionMidwives often interact with women interested in using CAM. Most value the woman's autonomy and aim to work in partnership. However, various contextual conditions restrain overt CAM communication in clinical practice.     

Injecting and Rejecting,Framing and Failing

This paper seeks to examine how female subjectivities are privileged by Canadian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination discourse and, in turn, how homosexual male subjectivities are displaced. Employing a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, I analyze selected HPV vaccination (HPVV) promotional materials, and depict the discursive strategies which privilege and exclude gendered subjectivities. My critical analysis is influenced by feminist linguistic works that seek to uncover the discursive constructions around sexuality, gender and identity, and the discursive strategies used to communicate ideas about sexual health risks and responsible citizenship. In addition, I adopt feminist theories of knowledge and power to rethink the discursive representations of some bodies and subjectivities as normal, and Others as unintelligible within HPVV discourse in today's neoliberal time.     

Beliefs and values and the sterilization decision

A decision-making framework based on the models of personal decision making developed by psychologists and economists and a methodology based on axiomatic conjoint measurement are used to explore individuals' beliefs and values regarding contraceptive sterilization. Particular emphasis is given to demonstrating a. that there exist individual differences in beliefs and values, b. that there exist differences in beliefs and values between persons who choose sterilization—either tubal ligation or vasectomy—and persons who choose non-sterilization contraceptive methods when no more children are wanted, and c. that the effect of beliefs and values on the sterilization decision is an interactive one. The methodology used is compared to that typically used in studying fertility- and health-related behaviors.This research was supported by grants HD-10802 and HD-14403 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The technical assistance of Doreen Victor and the editorial suggestions of Sarah Gaskill, Alice Healy, and two anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated. This paper is Publication No. 253 of the Center for Research on Judgment and Policy, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0344. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Publications Librarian at the Center.     

Family Instability and College Enrollment and Completion

This research uses data from waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health, N = 9,631) to consider whether and how family instability in early or later childhood affects college enrollment and completion of a Bachelor’s degree by age 24. Explanatory factors include maternal selection into unstable unions, household resources available in adolescence, and adolescents’ academic achievement, behavior, and attitudes in high school. The association of later family instability with college enrollment and completion is largely explained by household resources in adolescence. The association of early family instability with college enrollment is partially explained by each set of factors, and its association with college completion, given enrollment, is explained by pre-existing maternal characteristics. The results demonstrate that early family instability has enduring consequences for eventual status attainment and that the mechanisms that connect family instability to educational outcomes vary by the timing of family structure change.     

The relationships between population and economy, and between population and education]

The relationship between population and economy is regarded seriously by China and other countries. This problem can be analyzed and studied under 2 aspects: 1) the influence of economic development on changes in population, and 2) the influence of population increases on economic development. Under the 1st aspect, improved living conditions, hygiene, and health care generally result in lowered mortality rates. Improved economic conditions in China also increased the birthrate and at the same time increased birth control among the people; the increased birthrate was due to more marriages after liberation. In economically advanced countries, due to high expenses in raising children, people tend to limit family sizes to 2 children/family. Under the 2nd aspect, population increases place strains on the food supply and nutritional requirements, especially when increases are too rapid. They also demand more educational resources and influence quality of education. As there are currently 210 million students in China, the quality of education suffers, particularly at the college level, since most of Chinese manpower, physical and financial resources are spent on primary and secondary education. In terms of housing, transportation, health care, and natural resources, they are all intimately related to and influenced by increases in population. Consequently, the living standard would be difficult to raise if population increases are too rapid. Since 1971, population increases have been incorporated into 5-yearly and later yearly national economic plans in China. The large Chinese population is a major obstacle in raising the Chinese economic level, hence a well-planned population control program is essential.     

Officer friendly and the tough cop:gays and lesbians navigate homophobia and policing

Despite attempts to expand social diversity, policing is still dominated by a white, masculine, heterosexual ethos. As a consequence, employment of lesbians and gay men as police officers may be especially threatening to members of this occupation. Within the context of potential hostility and homophobia, nontraditional officers must negotiate their contradictory presence on the police force. This paper investigates that negotiation. Using the Bem Sex Role Inventory and open-ended survey data from a sample of "out" and "closeted" gay and lesbian police officers, we ask how gays and lesbians manage their images as "good cops" in the face of gender norm violations associated with their sexual orientation. Our findings indicate that masculinity and femininity do not hold together in a cohesive, dichotomous manner for these officers. Instead, other characteristics that enhance policing are emphasized to support their occupational competence. These officers see themselves as "good cops." The gendered/sexualized character of their self-perceptions appears to matter less than the context of the job, more than for a comparison sample of heterosexual police officers. We conclude that although gay and lesbian officers see their sexuality as an occupational asset, they are also likely to work harder to prove themselves as crime fighters.