Use of Redundant Industrial Buildings as Injections into the Cultural Sector in Norway

Prime aim is to examine the way the culture sector reuses industrial buildings to instigate cultural activities in the municipalities. The discussion of various actors’ motivation for engagement is based on results from a case study, supplemented with findings from a coarse-meshed telephone survey. At national level overarching political guidelines can be traced back to white papers concerning cultural policy, urban transformation and cultural heritage, and the municipalities’ cultural policies mirror these guidelines. What tends to decide if such initiatives are considered successful are local abilities to cross sectorial divisions and instigate cooperation between municipal planners, private entrepreneurs and NGOs.     

A Social Decision Analysis of the Earthquake Safety Problem: The Case of Existing Los Angeles Buildings

In this paper we propose a framework for conducting a decision analysis for a societal problem such as earthquake safety. The application deals with the formulation and evaluation of alternative policies for the seismic safety problem faced by the city of Los Angeles with regard to its old masonry buildings. A social decision analysis compares the costs and benefits of the alternative policies from the viewpoints of the impacted constituents. The emphasis is on identifying acceptable policy that considers the interests of the impacted constituents and provides incentives for their cooperation. Alternatives ranging from strict regulation to free market are examined. In order to evaluate the trade-offs between additional cost and savings in lives, a direct willingness-to-pay and an economic approach, based on property value differential, are used. Recommendations range from strict regulation for the residential and critical buildings (schools, hospitals, fire stations, etc.) to simply informing the occupants (in the case of commercial and industrial buildings) of the risks involved.     

Vacant Shops in a Crisis Period – A Morphological Analysis in Portuguese Medium-Sized Cities

Vacant shops are an important problem affecting urban areas today, particularly in the wake of the economic crisis. Most strategies to analyse and deal with this issue are related to economic and financial variables. However, the amount of research associating store geography and performance with urban morphology has increased over the past decade. Thus, this research tests the hypothesis that specific morphological features characterize vacant retail sites. Using four Portuguese cities as test-beds and Kernel density analysis to plot spatial patterns, vacant shops were for example positively correlated with low segment betweenness and negatively correlated with block area.     

同时考虑博弈支付与有限市场容量的绿色建筑与传统建筑共生研究

发展绿色建筑是减少温室气体排放的有效途径之一。基于微观市场中绿色建筑和传统建筑市场容量有限的特征,结合共生理论与博弈支付矩阵,构建了绿色建筑与传统建筑的独立共生密度博弈模型;在分析模型稳定后运用系统动力学软件仿真了博弈双方数量的动态变化特征。研究结果表明：模型存在唯一的共生稳定点,模型的稳定条件密切相关于绿色建筑与传统建筑的博弈支付矩阵,与绿色建筑和传统建筑的净复制率无关;政策激励的有效性与微观主体的行为选择密切相关。将中国绿色建筑的实际数据应用本模型进行仿真,结果表明模型可有效揭示和解释中国绿色建筑和传统建筑的共生博弈发展过程。模型和模型仿真结果可有效地为促进绿色建筑的发展提供技术支持和理论依据。     

现代服务业是否有助于推动城镇化？——基于产城融合视角的PVAR模型分析

目前中国的城镇化现象难以完全用"工业决定论"来解释,服务业在城镇化过程中扮演着越来越重要的角色。流通业和旅游业作为现代服务业的主导产业,具有较强的集聚功能和就业吸纳能力,还具有较强的城市经济功能和服务功能,成为城镇产业体系和公共服务体系的必要组成部分。首先对服务业与城镇化之间的互动作用机制进行理论分析;然后建立PVAR模型,通过格兰杰因果检验、脉冲响应分析和方差分解分析变量之间的因果关系;最后构建耦合协调评价模型,从全国、区域及行业层面对系统间的相互作用强度与协调发展水平进行实证分析,并归纳协调发展模式。研究发现：以流通业、旅游业为主导产业的现代服务业与城镇化之间存在因果关系和稳定均衡关系,能够推动城镇化发展;早期由工业化推动的城镇化水平高于流通业和旅游业,后期两者逐渐缩减与城镇化的差距,系统间的耦合协调发展水平不断提升,但存在区域差异;耦合协调发展模式归纳为演化趋同型和发展同步型,发展同步型组合内各系统发展水平相对一致,有助于快速提升耦合协调发展水平。     

Towards Next-Generation Urban Resilience in Planning Practice: From Securitization to Integrated Place Making

Resilience is a concept incorporating a vast range of contemporary risks and over recent years has become increasingly important to our understanding of contemporary planning policy and practice. This paper examines the changing nature of resilience strategies since 2000 and highlights how planners increasingly are asked to contribute to this agenda. Drawing on the emerging theories of urban resilience, this paper charts the emergence of different ‘styles’ of resilience over the last decade in the UK, with an emphasis on a range of policies associated with designing safer spaces. Emerging lessons are then deployed to highlight how a new generation of urban resilience practice is now emerging associated with embedding resiliency into local place-making activities. This paper concludes by reflecting upon the multiple uses of resilience in planning practice.     

基于人工神经网络的建筑物成新度评估

本文针对建筑物成新度评估存在的问题,利用人工神经网络理论,首次建立了建筑物成新度评估的人工神经网络模型,测试表明系统性能良好。     

Assessment of Seismic Loss Dependence Using Copula

The catastrophic nature of seismic risk is attributed to spatiotemporal correlation of seismic losses of buildings and infrastructure. For seismic risk management, such correlated seismic effects must be adequately taken into account, since they affect the probability distribution of aggregate seismic losses of spatially distributed structures significantly, and its upper tail behavior can be of particular importance. To investigate seismic loss dependence for two closely located portfolios of buildings, simulated seismic loss samples, which are obtained from a seismic risk model of spatially distributed buildings by taking spatiotemporally correlated ground motions into account, are employed. The characterization considers a loss frequency model that incorporates one dependent random component acting as a common shock to all buildings, and a copula‐based loss severity model, which facilitates the separate construction of marginal loss distribution functions and nonlinear copula function with upper tail dependence. The proposed method is applied to groups of wood‐frame buildings located in southwestern British Columbia. Analysis results indicate that the dependence structure of aggregate seismic losses can be adequately modeled by the right heavy tail copula or Gumbel copula, and that for the considered example, overall accuracy of the proposed method is satisfactory at probability levels of practical interest (at most 10% estimation error of fractiles of aggregate seismic loss). The developed statistical seismic loss model may be adopted in dynamic financial analysis for achieving faster evaluation with reasonable accuracy.     

中国外商直接投资产业政策测量和有效性研究:1979~2003

本文以我国正式颁布的1987、1995、1997和2002年4次外资产业政策及其投资目录为研究对象,通过将投资目录按照标准的2位数产业代码进行归类,并对各种政策类别赋予权重,以此测量外资产业政策指数,在这基础上,再对外资产业政策的有效性进行研究。结果表明:在产业开放趋势上,我国对外资产业开放程度越来越大。在产业开放导向上,这4次外资产业政策表现出了一致性,集中反映了我国的引资目的,而且,在产业开放效果上,对于各种不同的产业分组,以及对于港澳台企业和外国企业,外资产业政策都能够有效地引导外资的产业流向。     

电子信息产业创新体系研究——基于产业创新视角的分析

在对技术创新和国家创新理论进行梳理的基础上,提出了产业创新的概念。从技术利益驱动、市场竞争驱动、区位竞争驱动、应用需求驱动、产业政策驱动5个方面探讨了信息产业创新的创新驱动,并从技术创新、产业链创新、产业集群创新、应用创新、政策创新5个方面构建了信息产业创新的创新体系。     

对低收入者和高收入者之间的收入不平等程度分析

20世纪90年代以来 ,我国居民收入的不平等程度越来越严重 ,在农村和城市内部 ,低收入群体和高收入群体的收入差距是不断扩大的 ,高收入群体占有的收入份额在迅速上升 ,而低收入群体占有的收入份额在不断下降;在城乡之间 ,收入分配结构也在向有利于城市居民方面变动 ,城乡居民收入差距不断扩大 ,城市人占有的收入份额越来越多 ,而农民占有的收入份额却不断变小。造成收入分配不平等程度日益严重的原因既有产业结构变动因素 ,也有体制改革和宏观经济政策调整因素。为了防止收入分配的过度分化 ,政府应该适度干预市场 ,通过公共政策来调节收入分配 ,并帮助穷者。     

Debating Temporary Uses for Vacant Urban Sites: Insights for Practice from a Stakeholder Workshop

Temporary land uses have become the focus of much debate within academic and policy circles in recent years. Although the international literature contains numerous case studies of temporary interventions, little attention has been paid to the dynamics of the interactions among different stakeholders. This paper reports on a stakeholder workshop that used a participatory research approach to collectively define the issues facing those interested in the potential of vacant urban sites. The paper outlines the goals, design and evaluation of the workshop and concludes with a discussion of suggested lessons for practice that emerged from the workshop sessions.     

From Labour Shortage to Unemployment: Soviet Workers' Attitudes about Possible Changes in Labour Relations

Abstract. After seventy years of centralised economy, the ex-Soviet Union is now experiencing the problem of developing a market economy. The monopoly of the means of production had generated guaranteed employment. an elevated number of vacant positions and scarce territorial and occupational mobility. At the same time, there were low salaries and a series of guaranteed basic services. The translation to a market economy can generate the fear of losing certain guarantees. The author analyses these problems, referring principally to field research conducted among industrial workers.     

Job Search: A Multidisciplinary Review and Research Agenda

Scholarly interest in job search has grown significantly over the years and can be located in diverse research streams: namely, economics, sociology and industrial/organizational psychology. This paper reviews these bodies of literature and makes a case for integration by proposing a multidisciplinary approach to understanding job‐seeking behaviors. To this end, the paper categorizes the respective literatures on the basis of common themes located in a conceptual multidisciplinary model of job search behaviors and outcomes. This model provides a more focused understanding of the job search literature and how it has developed in the related disciplines. Based on the review and conceptual model presented, the paper draws attention to several key areas for future research to advance the field further.     

产业链下游企业转型升级影响因素研究——基于不同最终产品市场的视角

在国际竞争加剧和国内工业经济放缓的背景下,中国制造业企业生存压力日益加剧,制造业企业如何转变发展方式、实现转型升级,值得深入研究。本文通过构建寡头博弈模型,发现处于产业链下游的一国企业,在面对国外垂直一体化的企业的竞争时,实现转型升级所需掌握的核心技术水平受到最终产品市场类型、最终产品相对质量以及最终产品差异化程度等多种因素的影响。此外,最终产品市场类型还会影响最优研发政策的稳健性：最终产品市场位于国外时,政府不应对企业研发行为进行干预;而当最终产品市场位于国内时,实施研发补贴政策不仅会促进社会福祉,而且可以促进企业转型升级。     

“政策领域-时间维度”双重视角下新能源汽车产业政策央地协同研究

本文以2009—2018年间中央及地方（以北京市等四个地区为例）颁布的263项新能源汽车产业政策为研究样本,从实施领域角度,将产业政策分为财税支持、行业规范、规划引导、监督保障、其他措施等五类,经政策分解,将政策片段与新能源汽车产业链五个环节进行匹配;在此基础上,测度不同时期产业政策央地总体协同度与政策实施领域间的协同度,并通过逐步回归法,确定影响政策协同的各政策效力指标灵敏度。研究表明："中央-北京"和"中央-深圳"的政策措施协同趋势基本一致,产业价值链各环节发展较均衡,而"中央-上海"和"中央-江苏"的政策措施协同趋势基本一致,存在"重使用、轻研发、轻市场"等失调现象;四地区与中央政策措施的协同差异主要体现在研发、生产和回收环节,提升"政策引导"和"保障措施"指标的政策效力有助于提升央地协同水平。根据政策分析,未来政策制定需从优化中央政策推广方式和加强监管保障等政策措施着手,根据产业链不同环节状况适时调整政策措施。     

Measures of Industrial Protectionism: Relevance for Trade and Labour Policies

ABSTRACT: Protectionist policies are often supported by an ‘unholy‘ alliance of industrial lobbies and labour unions, under the assumption that trade barriers will favour higher profits, wage rates and employment. Even when one takes the narrow view of self-interest in a single producing sector, however, things are not necessarily what they seem and protectionism may have more profound consequences than those expected by lobbyists and negotiators. The paper reviews the methodologies developed to measure the extent and the consequences of industrial protectionism in order to derive operational guidelines to evaluate alternative trade policies.     

The Risk Management of Third Parties During Construction in Multifunctional Urban Locations

Buildings above roads, railways, and existing buildings themselves are examples of multifunctional urban locations. The construction stage of those buildings is in general extremely complicated. Safety is one of the critical issues during the construction stage. Because the traffic on the infrastructure must continue during the construction of the building above the infrastructure, falling objects due to construction activities form a major hazard for third parties, i.e., people present on the infrastructure or beneath it, such as car drivers and passengers. This article outlines a systematic approach to conduct quantitative risk assessment (QRA) and risk management of falling elements for third parties during the construction stage of the building above the infrastructure in multifunctional urban locations. In order to set up a QRA model, quantifiable aspects influencing the risk for third parties were determined. Subsequently, the conditional probabilities of these aspects were estimated by historical data or engineering judgment. This was followed by integrating those conditional probabilities, now used as input parameters for the QRA, into a Bayesian network representing the relation and the conditional dependence between the quantified aspects. The outcome of the Bayesian network—the calculation of both the human and financial risk in quantitative terms—is compared with the risk acceptance criteria as far as possible. Furthermore, the effect of some safety measures were analyzed and optimized in relation with decision making. Finally, the possibility of integration of safety measures in the functional and structural building design above the infrastructure are explored.     

Risk‐Based Decision Making for Reoccupation of Contaminated Areas Following a Wide‐Area Anthrax Release

This article presents an analysis of postattack response strategies to mitigate the risks of reoccupying contaminated areas following a release of Bacillus anthracis spores (the bacterium responsible for causing anthrax) in an urban setting. The analysis is based on a hypothetical attack scenario in which individuals are exposed to B. anthracis spores during an initial aerosol release and then placed on prophylactic antibiotics that successfully protect them against the initial aerosol exposure. The risk from reoccupying buildings contaminated with spores due to their reaerosolization and inhalation is then evaluated. The response options considered include: decontamination of the buildings, vaccination of individuals reoccupying the buildings, extended evacuation of individuals from the contaminated buildings, and combinations of these options. The study uses a decision tree to estimate the costs and benefits of alternative response strategies across a range of exposure risks. Results for best estimates of model inputs suggest that the most cost‐effective response for high‐risk scenarios (individual chance of infection exceeding 11%) consists of evacuation and building decontamination. For infection risks between 4% and 11%, the preferred option is to evacuate for a short period, vaccinate, and then reoccupy once the vaccine has taken effect. For risks between 0.003% and 4%, the preferred option is to vaccinate only. For risks below 0.003%, none of the mitigation actions have positive expected monetary benefits. A sensitivity analysis indicates that for high‐infection‐likelihood scenarios, vaccination is recommended in the case where decontamination efficacy is less than 99.99%.     

政府动态奖惩机制下绿色建筑供给侧演化博弈研究

从绿色建筑供给侧角度出发，构建消费者效用函数、开发商利润函数和政府与开发商的演化博弈模型，分析消费者绿色偏好、建筑绿色度、成本等因素对建筑价格、需求和利润的影响以及政府动态奖惩政策下系统的演化稳定策略。结果表明：消费者绿色偏好支付系数和建筑绿色度的增大有利于绿色建筑价格、需求和利润的提高，但高成本却使需求和利润降低；政府采用静态补贴与静态税收政策时，博弈系统不存在演化稳定策略，采用动态补贴与静态税收、静态补贴与动态税收、动态补贴与动态税收三种政策组合时，系统存在演化稳定策略；动态补贴与静态税收的政策组合在推动绿色建筑发展方面优于其他政策；开发商开发绿色建筑的概率与补贴上限值呈负相关，与税收上限值呈正相关。