批判法理学在中国的兴起

批判法理学的迅速崛起是21世纪中国法理学的一个重要特征.於兴中、冯象和强世功是中国批判法理学思潮的发动者和推动者.於兴中运用文明秩序理论批判一元的法律文明秩序和国家法制主义,并提出社会理论与法之研究的种种面相.冯象则从宗教和伦理的角度对中国的政法体制和法治意识形态做出了鞭辟入里的分析和批判.强世功将新中国形成的法律传统概括为法律的治理化传统,并主张中国的法理学应该迈向立法者的法理学.批判法理学致力于反思和批判中国的法治和法理学传统,力图在批判反思的基础上为中国未来的法治和法理学提出一幅理想的图景.     

How to Evaluate Government Performance while Building a Rule of Law Government in China*

Building a law-based government is a central element of the comprehensive framework for promoting the rule of law in China, while using evaluation to catalyze growth is in line with the incentive principle of management studies. Since China started to implement reform and opening up over thirty years ago, rule of law development and organizational evaluation have gone through several stages, each with different characteristics. Efforts to build a law-based government have met with success, but what the country now has is essentially still goal-oriented assessment. At present, this suffers from the lack of a clear goal orientation or definition of functions, an imperfect technical system and unsound motivation mechanisms, not to mention the practical problems of each government department going its own way, duplicating evaluations or being left rudderless. Drawing on a combination of value rationality and instrumental rationality and using government performance evaluation to promote the building of a law-based government not only conforms to the spirit of the rule of law and value rationality in government performance, but also strengthens the role of evaluation as an instrument for organizational management. Therefore, we need to create new evaluation theories, expand public participation, introducing diversified evaluating entities, improve technical systems, strengthen institutional buildup, and foster a performance-based culture. In addition, replacing goal-oriented assessment with performance evaluation will help the emergence of a new discipline—the performance evaluation of rule of law government, thus promoting multidisciplinary efforts to integrate and create new public administration theories in China.     

马克思与法的形而上学基础的颠覆

近代法哲学的基础和本质是法的形而上学。马克思以“感性的活动”原则基础上的社会存在理论,颠覆了法的形而上学基础;继而马克思揭示了法的形而上学的秘密,这是马克思颠覆法的形而上学基础的继续和展开。马克思法的形而上学批判理论阐明了现代法权的辩证法,这对于我国的政治文明建设和法治建设有着重要的现实意义     

Rule of Law Construction and Assessment at the Local Level

Going beyond the analytical model of the holistic state in rule of law discussion, we can classify the rule of law into national and local levels based on the stages and increments of its execution. The phenomenon of the local rule of law reflects the stages and incremental progress of building a rule of law China. It has a realistic foundation in society and a profound basis in legal theory. Comprehensively advancing the rule of law in China necessitates giving encouragement and support to construction of the rule of law at the local level. The attempts and experiments of local government enable us to explore and innovate the developmental model of the socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics. The rule of law at the local level is embodied in three dimensions: “text—action—concept.” Assessment mechanisms and indicators for the local construction of the rule of law should also be established in accordance with this framework. The building of the rule of law at the local level should be synchronized with assessment of the rule of law. We need to optimize top-level design, conduct evaluations of local legislation, improve local rule of law work performance assessment and use a rule of law index to assess the local rule of law in an overall manner.     

International Rule of Law and Methodological Innovation

The practice of the international rule of law needs a theoretical guide, and the formulation of the theory of international law has to depend upon practice, which imposes new requirement upon the methodology of international law. Traditional research into legal doctrine is unfavorable to the creative exertion of international jurisprudence, and the research methods of social sciences are playing an increasingly important role in the methodological innovation of international law. From the perspective of promotion of the international rule of law, the study of international law needs to deep research a State’s motives, cause and innate logic in observing international aw, and law and economics can show its capability in this field. For the international rule of law, basic research needs to be carried about such social surroundings as where the rules are produced and applied and exerting influences. The research method of the sociology of law exactly hits the point. The application of empirical and experimental research methods offers a beforehand “rehearsal” chance for the process of the rule of law to grasp the pros and cons in the planning and practice of the rule of law. The cooperation between the research methods of social science and the traditional research method of international law can reasonably interpret the phenomena of international relations and promote the international rule of law.     

Transforming the Evaluation of the Rule of Law in China*

Over the past ten years, China has seen a number of practices exploring the evaluation of the rule of law. It is important that we sum up the practical experience of these evaluations, analyze the problems they encounter, determine their direction nationwide, and put forward constructive ideas. With the issuing of the Decision of the Central Committee of the CPC on Some Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening the Reform and the Decision of the Central Committee of the CPC on Promoting a Number of Major Issues of the Rule of Law, evaluation of the rule of law faces a transformation both in theory and in practice. The key points in this transformation are having the right orientation, innovative mechanisms and solutions to tricky issues of quantitative evaluation; summing up evaluation of experience; and elevating evaluation to the level of theory. A precondition for its effective evaluation is a scientific mechanism for evaluating the rule of law; in turn, the key to a scientific evaluation is solving the problems in quantitative evaluation of the rule of law; and the necessary requirements for evaluation practice are summing up evaluation experience and elevating it to the level of theory. The key to innovative mechanisms for evaluating the rule of law lies in implementation of the third party evaluation model and in quantitative evaluation that starts with particular programs.     

法律规范与法律规则--凯尔森与哈特的法律概念之比较

凯尔森和哈特对法律的概念有不同理解,凯尔森将规范作为法律的上位概念,而哈特则将规则作为法律的上位概念,法律规范和法律规则分别是他们认识法律的基本概念。凯尔森通过规范的观念强调了法律作为一个独立的逻辑体系的存在,奠定了法律科学独立的基础;哈特则通过规则的观念强调了法律同现实生活的密切联系,使法哲学在西方学术界重新恢复了活力。通过法律规范和法律规则的概念分析,对两位分析法学名家的理论可以有进一步的理解。     

The Rule of Law Model of Internet Governance*

The rule of law is the basic form of national governance and the rule of law model is the necessary direction for the governance of online society. Online society is in essence a new pattern of social relationships and structural forms comprising relationships among citizens, legal persons, organizational bodies, etc., formed and brought together on the basis of Internet technology; and also a reflection, expansion and expression, singly or in synthesis, of various relationships in the fields of the real economy, politics, culture, society and the environment. The rule of law model of Internet governance refers to governance theories, systems and practices that employ rule of law thinking and the rule of law model to bring the elements, structures, procedures and functions of Internet governance into the scope of the rule of law and its operational track. Reviewing the tortuous course of the development of rule of law Internet governance in China, summarizing useful experience in the construction of rule of law Internet governance, and reflecting on existing legislative, law enforcement and judicial dilemmas will enable us to build up a rule of law system of online governance with comprehensive norms, effective implementation, strict supervision and strong guarantees. This will be marked by Chinese characteristics and will ensure the application of rule of law thinking and the rule of law model in governing, operating, using and safeguarding the Internet, thus achieving sound and orderly Internet operation and development along the path of the rule of law and advancing the modernization of the Internet governance system and governance capability.     

A Community of Shared Future for Mankind—The Contemporary Development of the Social Foundations Theory of International Law*

In the traditional understanding, the social basis of the emergence and existence of international law can be summed up as an international society in which interstate conflict and cooperation and interests and contradictions coexist. In recent years, the term “international community” has been widely used in national practice and academic discourse. Many scholars believe that the development of interstate relations indicates that the international community is being transformed into a global international community. The concept of “a community of shared future for mankind” reflects China’s new understanding of the social foundations of international law. It introduces Chinese traditional culture into global governance, develops Marxist theory on the community, is concerned both for mankind as a whole and for individuals, highlights the ultimate issues of the international community, and emphasizes the international community’s union of diversity and interdependence. The idea of “a community of shared future for mankind” is of great significance for the theory and practice of international law; it reflects the emergence of methodological holism, the response of international law to the questioning of its legitimacy, and the trend toward hierarchical systematization in international law. The concept of “a community of shared future for mankind” is of great value to China’s participation in the reform of the global governance system. It will help promote appreciation of the relations between China and the world, enhance China’s international discourse power and discourse force, and promote the rule of law in international relations that China advocates.     

西方马克思主义法学简评

伴随西方马克思主义理论的产生,西方马克思主义法学在法与经济、法的阶级性及法与意识等方面有自己既不同于马克思主义又不同于传统西方法理学的观点。在法理学历史和马克思主义法学发展中占有特殊的地位。     

Examining the influence of the European Convention on Human Rights in Northern Ireland courts

This article examines the influence of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) on the legal culture of litigants and judges in Northern Ireland. The results show that there has been a dramatic increase in the number of judicial review cases based upon the ECHR in the years immediately following implementation of the treaty through the Human Rights Act. However, while there has been an increase in the number of ECHR claims by litigants, judges in Northern Ireland have thus far been reluctant to issue declarations of incompatibility pursuant to the Human Rights Act. Furthermore, a multivariate analysis of the likelihood of Northern Irish judges to rule against the government shows that, controlling for other factors, judges are not more willing to rule against the government when the ECHR is invoked. Overall, it appears that the early influence of the ECHR on Northern Irish law has been greatest in the willingness of litigants to bring judicial review cases based upon the treaty—a development that may portend larger changes in UK jurisprudence in the future.     

Criteria for determining illegality and the theory of anti-value acts （Handlungsunwert）： with a discussion of the standpoint of contemporary Chinese criminal jurisprudence

违法性论是刑法理论的试金石,研究违法性判断的基准问题,对于形成学派论争,全面推进中国刑法学的发展有重大意义。结果无价值论和行为无价值论思考违法性问题的路径不同,由此导致犯罪成立范围、认定犯罪过程、犯罪和刑罚的关系、刑法和社会的关联性都不相同。（二元的）行为无价值论充分考虑特定时期的社会现实、规范期待,注重刑法的行为引导功能,是合理的理论。根据这种违法性论,违法性判断的核心是行为,法益侵害只是决定“行为性质”的要素;刑法不是单纯为了弥补损害,而要着眼于让国民养成规范意识,防止损害再次发生。当代中国刑法学应当以（二元的）行为无价值论为基点来建构,以回应社会需要,促进公众的规范认同。     

宪政机制的反腐功能

宪政在其自身建设的同时也践行着它的反腐败功能。其中 ,宪政民主创建反腐之公开环境 ,人权诠释反腐法理 ,法治给予反腐行为最终保障力量 ,权力制约和权力监督提供反腐前提。宪政的这些内容相互配合 ,构成反腐败的统一实践体系 ,为锻造公正国家和廉洁政府 ,进而为实现社会主义政治文明作出贡献     

International Rule of Law and Rule of Law Construction in China

The rule of law has international as well as domestic attributes, so it can be divided into two levels: the domestic rule of law and the international rule of law. Using the thinking behind the international rule of law to build the rule of law in China is both necessary and inevitable. China should put into practice the idea of the international rule of law at the institutional and the governance levels, and should at the same time participate in the UN’s rule of law activities and in international rule-making, thereby extending its rule of law discourse power and influence in the international sphere.     

改革开放以来世界城市治理法治化的进程

"世界城市"诸多指标中,法治是核心要素之一。30年来,中国已走上法治道路,其中大城市的法治建设作了重要贡献。依据世界和中国经验,世界城市的法治化应走"强政府"大社会"的路子;应创建"法治型"政府,关键是做好人权保障和权力制约;应创建"服务型"政府,将"职责"置于"职权"的优先地位。北京作为"世界城市",未来仍应十分重视法治建设。     

中国公法崛起的法学认知和意义

中国公法崛起的必然性隐寓于其表征和原因之内,即公法法律文件的逐步完善,公法学术的迅速发展,公法向私法的渗透以及社会对公法的热切关注。而正是中国的经济体制改革推动了中国公法的崛起,这也给中国法学带来了三大机遇:拓展了中国法学的发展空间;推动了中国法律体系和法学体系逐渐趋于比较平衡的发展;促进法学与其他社会科学的交叉互动。同时,公法崛起也给中国法学提出了严峻的挑战,即如何从理论和实践相结合的双向互动上,构建规制国家权力的严密体系。     

SPECIAL ISSUE： ECOLOGICAL CIVILIZATION AND BEAUTIFUL CHINA Roadmap for the Construction of an Ecological Rule of Law in China

十八大报告在将建设社会主义法治国家作为治国理政总体方略的同时,把中国特色社会主义事业总体布局由经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设“四位一体”拓展为包括生态文明建设的‘五位一体’,勾画了中国生态法治建设的路线图。其目标是确立与生态文明相适应的生态环境法治系统,任务是将生态理性纳入法治运行轨道,路径是健全和完善生态法治的制度与体制机制。     

影响性诉讼:社会转型与构建和谐社会的法治精灵

中国建设和谐社会正处于中国社会全面转型的历史时期。转型时期的中国社会既有新旧体制与机制的强力对垒,也有新旧观念和思维方式的激烈碰撞,更有各种复杂矛盾与疑难问题的集中爆发。由于人们法律意识及法治观念的逐渐增强,转型时期频繁发生的影响性诉讼成为人们观察和关注社会发展脉动的重要兴奋点。影响性诉讼对构建和谐社会具有重要意义和深刻影响:使人们对社会发展现实有无比清醒而理智的认识;对正在建设中的和谐社会法治提供助力并树立信心。     

线状法律控制模式与网状法律控制模式--我国新时期法治建设的误区与必然走向

我国新时期的法治理论与实践,虽大力弘扬依法办事的理想法治状态,但法律控制模式却是一种纵向的线状控制模式,其实效要以人性善作为最终保障,仍是一种人治模式.西方的法律控制模式是一种纵横交错的网状控制模式,其实效以人性恶作为动力和支撑.网状控制模式是西方法治的经验结晶,是法治的生命形式,是市场经济的必然要求,因而也是我国法治的必然走向.     

试议我国暂缓起诉制度的实行与完善

近年来,随着司法理论界和实务界对国外司法的不断研究、引进、移植,暂缓起诉在我国法律实践中逐渐被引入并试行。但因为我国现行的刑事诉讼法并没有明确规定此项制度,所以我国是否应当设置暂缓起诉制度以及怎样设置合理的暂缓起诉制度等问题,引起了法学界的关注。从我国当前的实际情况看,设置暂缓起诉制度是十分必要的,但应根据我国国情对试行暂缓起诉制度加以完善。