特许协议争议的条约管辖与合同管辖：冲突、典型案例及解决

传统理论认为特许合同的争议应由当事人指定的管辖机构,主要是东道国法院管辖。然而基于投资条约建立的国际仲裁庭也可因为投资仲裁的无默契性特点,合同请求与条约请求的划分以及条约中的保护伞条款主张对特许合同争议的管辖,由此引起特许协议争议的合同管辖与条约管辖之间积极的管辖冲突。在条约中限制仲裁庭的管辖权,要求投资者放弃替代管辖权以及适用司法礼让的原则可以较好地解决这种冲突。     

国际海洋争端解决中的“不应诉”问题

争端当事国在国际诉讼中采取"不应诉"策略并非"离经叛道"之举,而是有着更深层次的战略考量。国际法院化解"不应诉"危机的经验表明,争端当事国并无应诉的法律义务,且并不必然导致不利判决。国际法院仍应恪守当事方程序平等原则,在确定存在管辖权的前提下,对案件的事实和法律问题作出令人信服的裁决。中国和俄罗斯近期选择不应诉"南海仲裁案"和"北极日出号案"的事例表明,海洋争端解决机制的强制性与例外规定之间的矛盾势必导致"不应诉"现象。在"不应诉"的尴尬情境下,国际仲裁庭的正当性、独立性、公正性和实效性面临考验。为避免"不应诉"危机的加深,国际仲裁庭宜采取"司法自限"这一路径,在案件的管辖权问题和实体问题方面作出更为谨慎的裁决。     

Construction of Chinese Judicial Power from the Perspective of National Governance

The Chinese national governance system includes the Party’s governing system, the People’s Congress system, the administrative system, the court system and the procuratorate. Judicial power is neutral, passive, independent and final, features that reflect the irreplaceable nature of its role in national governance. The growth of judicial power is diachronic, complex and evolutionary, which means that its construction will be a tortuous and difficult process. Given the limitations of the functions of judicial power in China and their immediate results, we should fix our gaze on the construction of a socialist country under the rule of law and the optimization of the structure and functions of our national governance system by taking checks and balance as the principle in the allocation of judicial power, taking rights protection as the heart of the operation of judicial power, taking harmonious operation as the standard for guaranteeing judicial power, and cultivating legal culture as the foundation supporting judicial power. In optimizing national governance itself, we should strengthen its functions of adaptation, integration, goal attainment and latency.     

A Community of Shared Future for Mankind—The Contemporary Development of the Social Foundations Theory of International Law*

In the traditional understanding, the social basis of the emergence and existence of international law can be summed up as an international society in which interstate conflict and cooperation and interests and contradictions coexist. In recent years, the term “international community” has been widely used in national practice and academic discourse. Many scholars believe that the development of interstate relations indicates that the international community is being transformed into a global international community. The concept of “a community of shared future for mankind” reflects China’s new understanding of the social foundations of international law. It introduces Chinese traditional culture into global governance, develops Marxist theory on the community, is concerned both for mankind as a whole and for individuals, highlights the ultimate issues of the international community, and emphasizes the international community’s union of diversity and interdependence. The idea of “a community of shared future for mankind” is of great significance for the theory and practice of international law; it reflects the emergence of methodological holism, the response of international law to the questioning of its legitimacy, and the trend toward hierarchical systematization in international law. The concept of “a community of shared future for mankind” is of great value to China’s participation in the reform of the global governance system. It will help promote appreciation of the relations between China and the world, enhance China’s international discourse power and discourse force, and promote the rule of law in international relations that China advocates.     

中国司法改革述评

文章分析了中国司法改革的社会背景 ,对中国的司法改革的成绩与不足进行了多方面的探讨 ,并对中国司法改革的前景进行了展望 ,对进一步深化司法改革提出了建议。文章指出 ,中国的司法改革应坚持的原则 ,即要坚持四项基本原则 ,尤其是要加强和改善中国共产党的领导 ;坚持在民主宪政的政治体制中深化司法改革 ,司法独立不是主张脱离人民代表大会制度的监督制约 ,而是只有自觉接受人民代表大会的合法正当监督 ,方能有效保证司法独立 ;坚持整体推进与逐步改革相结合。在保持政治体制改革和司法改革进度大体同步的前提下 ,鼓励司法改革适当超前 ,为国家的政治体制改革提供经验。文章认为 ,中国司法改革应当树立大司法观 ,司法改革的目标要明确 ,司法改革应遵循依法行事的基本思路 ;建议在全国人大常委会下设立司法改革委员会 ,改革我国司法管理体制 ;同时 ,尽快采取措施 ,积极应对全球化背景下司法改革面临的任务与挑战     

司法审判中的思想政治工作探析

人们对思想政治工作在司法审判中的运用存在一些误会。在当今中国社会全面转型、浓郁的职权主义审判模式、中国特色社会主义司法制度和司法理念的现实背景下,民商事纠纷案件审判中思想政治工作的实际应用比较普遍,很多时候法院的调解工作与思想政治工作也是交织融合在一起的。思想政治工作在司法审判中的适用特点鲜明、适用策略多样、适用价值丰富。     

China’s Opening Up: Idea,Process and Logic*

China’s opening up since 1978 has been a historical process of continuous expansion and deepening. In the course of this process, Chinese policymakers and the mass of the people have gradually deepened their understanding of reform and opening up, and China’s relations with the world, especially its role in the world, have been constantly adjusted. At the beginning of reform and opening up, China adapted to and was integrated into the international economic system; it then became engaged in participating in and improving that system, and then became an advocate and leader in the reform of the international system. Moreover, in practice, an incremental series of coherent open economic policies and theories with Chinese characteristics that facilitate an open economy have come into being. Under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory of reform and opening up, China’s practice of opening up to the outside world is not only a good fit with China’s traditional trade theory, the Huainanzi/Sima Qian Theorem, under which people benefit by exchanging their surplus goods for those that they lack, but is also explicable in terms of modern economic trade theories. With the entry of socialism with Chinese characteristics into the new era and profound changes in the international environment, China still needs to open further to lead and promote mutual and shared openness for all countries in the world, so as to create good international conditions for promoting the construction of a shared future for mankind and building a world of lasting peace, universal security, common prosperity, openness, inclusiveness, cleanliness and beauty.     

试析南海争端及其解决思路——基于国外学者观点的分析

近年来,受全球资源短缺、国际地缘政治等因素影响,南海争端出现了复杂化和国际化的趋势,并朝着对我国不利的方向发展。与我国存在争端的国家分别以所谓"历史依据"、"法理依据"和"军事存在"等手段固化所占岛礁主权,国外一些学者对此看法不尽相同。如何解决南海争端,单一手段或传统手段恐怕难以奏效,应采取综合手段,多管齐下。     

The implementation and development of child welfare and protection works in China

The Chinese government adheres to the principle of ‘children first’ and actively protects their rights of survival, development, protection and participation through methods such as laws and regulations, policy system, public services and pilot works. The Chinese government aimed to narrow the gap between children's development in rural and urban areas and to continuously improve the level of child welfare. The government complies fully with its responsibilities in raising the overall quality of life for children and improving their health and overall development.

China has 280 million children, and is the country with the most children in the world. China is a signatory of and a country that loyally implements the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Since the economic reform, China's economy has developed rapidly, politics has been harmonized and stabilized, and the degree of social civilization has risen continuously. At the same time, work on children has also achieved remarkable accomplishments in China.     

Cost-Sharing in Civil Justice

As an economic factor affecting access to justice, the cost of justice naturally constitutes an element of judicial reform. It is the overall deconstruction of the cost of civil justice, rather than partial observation and analysis confined to litigation costs, that can legitimize the sharing of court and litigation costs and clarify the demarcation between public and private costs. This first-order rule of cost-sharing is intended to establish a balance between the state’s investment of public resources in the judicial system and the costs borne by the litigant. The second-order rule of cost-sharing centers on the distribution of litigation costs among litigants. This requires not only the setting up of the goal of just and equitable sharing of litigation costs, but also the overall consideration of the adjustment function of the cost mechanism in litigation and pursuit of the general improvement of the justice system. The third-order cost-sharing rule should focus on giving full play to the legal services market and social organizations in sharing the cost of litigation. Its success will depend on the development of professional ethics and on legal regulation.     

近代中国走上社会主义道路原因探析

只有社会主义才能救中国,走社会主义道路是历史的必然。现在和将来,不管世界风云如何变幻,我们都要在邓小平理论指导下,高举社会主义大旗,坚持四项基本原则、坚持改革开放,坚定不移地走建设有中国特色的社会主义道路,为把我国建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义现代化国家而奋斗。     

中西方公务员制度改革趋势的差异性分析

中国公务员制度是在借鉴西方国际公务员制度的基础上发展起来的。西方国家的公务员制度改革呈现出以下趋势:比如打破职位常任、下放管理权限、改革评价体制和工资制度、扩大交流等。中国公务员制度虽然建立的时间不久,但经过近年来的改革,尤其是《公务员法》的实施,也可以归纳出其基本走势,如强调管理的统一性、改革工资构成等。通过比较中西方公务员制度,尤其是改革趋势,从而寻找出中国公务员制度改革的路径。     

南沙岛礁领土争议法律方法不适用性之实证研究

解决南海存在的南沙岛礁领土归属争议,利用和平方法是必须遵循的原则。本文分析了利用和平方法(政治方法和法律方法)处理南沙岛礁领土争议问题的基础和障碍,阐述了国际司法机构的管辖权制度,特别指出了遵守"搁置争议、共同开发"原则的重要性和实施过程中存在的困难,得出南沙岛礁领土争议问题无法利用法律方法解决的结论。最后,本文提出完善我国海洋问题政策与法制等方面的具体对策建议。     

China's Approach to Dealing with Crisis and Change in Global Governance

The outbreak of the financial crisis in Europe and America in 2008 was a landmark event in the history of global governance. It showed that the international system and governance mechanism was unable to adapt to the new global situation or solve the new challenges and problems caused by the rapid development of globalization. Global governance needs to explore new ideas, new paths and new strategies. However, to advance the transformation and development of global governance, in-depth cooperation by the great powers is not all that is involved; also inevitable are the redistribution of international power, interests and responsibilities, contradictory global concepts and fierce competition among the great powers. The next five to ten years are a key period both for the transformation and development of global governance and for China's full-scale rise. The latter is not only a process of China's integration into the global governance system but also a process whereby China influences global governance reform. China should seize the opportunity of the global governance crisis and changes to promote benign interaction between China and the world and should become an advocate, designer, shaper and leader in the improvement of the global governance system, focusing on the construction of national governance, the governance of East Asia, global governance and the governance of certain advantageous fields. Its active assumption of the historic mission of the new era of globalization has laid a solid foundation for China to grow into a great major country.     

WTO争端解决机制与我国司法制度改革

世界贸易组织(WTO)争端解决机制是对关税及贸易总协定(GATT)争端解决机制的创新和发展,也是对整个国际争端解决法、国际争端解决方式与方法的创新和发展.入世为中国司法改革提出了新的、更高的要求.必须使司法审判标准与WTO规则接轨,加强世贸协议在我国审判中的适用,并按照WTO争端解决机制的规定完善我国民商审判机制和行政审判机制.     

我国汉语国际推广教育问题探析

全球化背景下,国家间的关系日益密切,软实力越来越成为决定一国国际影响力的关键因素。作为文化“走出去”战略的重要组成部分,汉语国际推广与我国的国际关系和国际教育发展密切相关。我国汉语推广的国际教育发展还处于初级阶段,仍存在着招生宣传方式单一、师资力量不足、教学资源配置不均衡等问题,这严重制约了我国汉语国际推广的发展。汉语推广的国际教育应积极建立双向机制,调整教育管理模式,培养教育师资队伍,着力推进汉语推广国际教育的发展。     

俄罗斯联邦行政程序制度述评

行政程序制度是俄罗斯联邦行政法学体系中正在形成和完善的一部分内容 ,相对于前苏联的行政程序制度已经有了较大的发展。俄罗斯行政法学者从研究行政程序的基本概念入手 ,从理论上和词语规范上理清了行政程序、行政司法程序、行政诉讼程序等基本问题 ;以 2 0 0 1年制定的《俄罗斯联邦行政违法法典》为范例 ,行政程序的原则经历了由维护国家管理向规范行政权、保障公民权的回归 ;与俄罗斯联邦建设法治国家的目标相统一 ,必将尽快结束行政诉讼与民事诉讼程序合而为一的状况 ,制定独立的行政诉讼法典 ;建立具有特色的行政法院体系或在普通法院体系中建立相对独立的行政法庭 ,是未来俄罗斯联邦行政程序制度的发展趋势。     

社会公平保障体系研究:国外经验及对中国的启示

构建社会公平保障体系,既是建立和谐社会的要求,也是完善中国特色社会主义市场经济制度的题中应有之义。近年来,我国社会保障制度进行了相应的改革,并取得了一定成效。但从根本上说还不完善,影响了社会保障的公平性。我们党提出社会公平保障体系建设,为我国社会保障事业的发展指明了方向。结合国外经验,笔者认为我国社会公平保障体系建设包括:积极推进农村社会保障制度建设;加大社会保障对收入调节力度;加强社会保障的法制建设等。     

刑事三审制与法院司法功能的重新配置

在权利保障与救济、法院职能分层设置及程序安定等众多理论基础的支持下,刑事三审制不仅具有建立的必要性也同时具有现实的可行性。在重构三审制时,应重新界定与配置各审级法院尤其是最高法院的司法功能和司法管辖权的行使范围。     

国际日本研究的中文译介述略——第三方镜鉴的意义

国际日本研究的中文译介对于中国自身的日本研究和对日认知不无借鉴。首先,通过日本、西方、中国三个主体之间彼此形成的镜像关系,利于更为全面地认知日本这一“对象”。其次,国际日本研究的译介在方法论意义上,突出地表现为理论的镜鉴与研究方法的互参。当前,国际日本研究的中文译介在基础积累和规模效应上仍有巨大的发展空间。国际日本研究译介的既有成绩和现存不足都提示,深化日本研究需要从全球化的、多元的视角出发。但与此同时,需要辩证地看待国际学界的日本研究,看到西方学界、日本学界和中国学界的各自长短,避免先入为主强调某国或某地区的“中心论”。