从人口抚养比到社会抚养比的探索分析

作者认为"人口红利"的存在与否,并不单由人口年龄结构决定,还受人口规模、人口素质、就业结构、生产与消费模式等因素的影响.于是作者在对人口抚养比进行标准化的基础上,引入"标准消费人口"的概念,对不同年龄结构人口的消费状况进行统一,同时考虑不同产业的劳动人口就业率和产业之间的产出差异,并将标准化后的抚养比称为"社会抚养比".研究发现,标准化后的实际抚养比很大程度上与该地区的产业结构有关.     

梅花香自苦寒来

善良是人的本性。在人们平静生活中，有许多事情发生会引起议论；有许多人物的命运会引发思考，带来关注的同时，有同情，有帮助。本栏目中，有对本村女孩的赞赏的；有开导一起工作的女孩放下包袱，轻松生活的；还有对来自各地女孩的细细观察，浅谈自己看法的。谁能说人性不是光明、善良的呢?     

在生命的起点阻止贫穷的代际传递

为了阻止贫穷的代际传递,必须保证儿童有一个良好的生命开端,故而减贫行动应从"产前照料"开始.中国政府在贫困地区实施的降低孕产妇死亡率和消除新生儿破伤风项目,即具有这样的意义.然而,在青海省玉树和果洛藏族自治州,牧区妇女的产前照料服务利用率并不高.作者依据实际调查中收集的信息,探寻其中的原因,并提出政策建议.     

收入增长、不平等和贫困——中国健康与营养调查数据分析

文章利用中国8个省的调查数据,研究了城市和农村在1989~2004年间经济增长、收入不平等和减贫之间的关系.分析结果表明,城乡收入水平在这一期间有了引人注目的改善,在很大程度上降低了贫困率.沿海农村地区的居民收入上升最快,其次为沿海城市地区.在这个时期,收入的不平等也在扩大,尤其是在城市地区,抵消了一部分由增长带来的减贫成果.通过对收入决定因素的分解,作者发现,收入水平的改善在很大程度上归功于教育回报率的上升和农村非农产业的就业增长.     

人口现代化状况评析—基于苏、浙、沪、京、粤、鲁、全国的比较

人口现代化对中国社会经济的发展具有重要的意义.研究人口现代化的重要前提就是要建立一套科学、有效和合理的指标体系.本文在人口现代化的理论基础上,以人口再生产类型现代化、人口素质现代化、人口结构现代化、社会经济现代化为基本测度内容,参照系统性、易获得性、简明实用性等方面选取各测度内容的代表性指标,构建了人口现代化的指标体系.利用模糊优选模型,对江苏、浙江、上海、北京、广东、山东以及全国的人口现代化水平进行了比较,在此基础上对江苏的人口现代化建设提出了相关的建议:继续保持低生育水平控制人口增长、提高医疗保障水平和完善社会保障体系、全面提升全省人口的教育素质、调整劳动力就业结构、发挥苏南城市优势效应,促进苏中和苏北地区的经济发展等,为制定相应的人口发展战略、政策提供了重要的依据.     

你要知道，爱的感觉是很疼的

这个男孩气愤而迷茫地倾诉着：我上高二时，老师组织我们班同学与外地的某学校比我们低一届的学生，用通信联系的方式联谊。自然，同学大都是异性的交往。我们相互问候相互探讨学习的经验和心得，健康而愉快。我也认识了一位异性同学，而且也很谈得来，她的字体清秀，行文清丽，能感觉她是一个很踏实、很温和的女孩。她的性格也很适合我的个性。这样，高中阶段我们一直通信，这样纯洁、质朴的交往让我感到心里踏实，不仅没有影响我的学习，反而让我的学习更好了。     

1992～2006年中国社会保障支出水平研究

社会保障支出水平是衡量社会经济发展水平的重要指标之一.1992年以来,中国社会保障支出随国民经济的增长稳步增长,但社会保障水平与其他社会保险型模式国家相比还比较低,与国内社会保障需求相比呈现出严重的不适度性.文章认为,在于中国的社会保障供需之间存在着缺口,有限的社会保障供给难以满足日益增长的社会保障需求.在当前企业社会保障负担过重的情况下,要提高社会保障支出水平,就必须突出政府的责任,政府应当在财政支持、资金筹集、基金管理及立法司法等方面发挥作用.     

实施健康家庭行动 保障中国家庭幸福简

一个健康的社会离不开家庭的健康、和谐与发展,而一个群体的幸福一定离不开群体中每个家庭的幸福。在一个以民生为主导的国家政冶框架中,家庭应该占有重要的地位。国家的法律、政策在满足国人个体基本的生存权、发展权的同时,应该把民生政策的重点逐步导向家庭,养富于家,养心于家,藏发展潜力于家,加快建立完善家庭发展的政策,以亿万家庭的稳定促进社会的稳定,以亿万家庭的发展助推国家的发展。     

远古对我们说

葫芦呈圆形，内部多子，是人类最早的食物之一。葫芦还曾是远古洪水时代的水上救生工具。葫芦在中国洪水神话中，有极特殊的地位。重要的是，葫芦腹大似母腹，是生殖旺盛、多产多育的象征，也是女性生殖器的崇拜形象。在中华民族的大家庭中，许多民族都曾崇拜过葫芦。现在还流传着中国各族出自葫芦的传说。传说认为葫芦是各族的共同母体。和葫芦“多子”类似的生殖崇拜图腾还有”瓜”、“石榴”等植物。     

论时变性因素对人口迁移选择性的影响——基于数据处理方法的视角

对时变性因素的处理方法将直接影响到人口迁移选择性分析结果的可靠性.文章利用第五次全国人口普查数据,解析了处理时变性因素的三种方法(调查时点法、局部倒推法和全面倒推法),剖析了不同方法下数据结构、统计模拟及实证结果的变化与差异.研究表明,不同数据处理方法将导致不同的数据结构,且导致时变性变量的均值和方差出现变化;时变性变量和非时变性变量对因变量作用的力度和统计显著性产生了明显的影响;当对全面倒推法下分年的迁移人口数据进行分析时,发现教育的选择性与传统方法出现差异,这与经验观察相符.     

Birth Control and on the Way out of the Fourth Country

According to Xinhuanet, persons with severe disabilities and household register in Sichuan Province began to receive nursing subsidies suceessively.In 2014, Sichuan Province planned to allocate 500 million Yuan of nursing subsidies to 650 000 persons with severe disabilities in the province.     

Intimate Partner Violence Among Sexual Minorities in Japan: Exploring Perceptions and Experiences

Using qualitative interviews (n = 39) and participant observation (n = 54), this study documents perceptions and experiences of violence between lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex intimate partners in Japan, thereby providing exploratory, formative data on a previously unexamined issue. Results indicate that intimate partner violence (IPV) is experienced physically, sexually, and psychologically in all sexual minority groups. Participants perceived the violence to be: a) very similar to heterosexual IPV against women; b) more likely perpetrated and experienced by lesbians, bisexual women, and transgender persons compared to gay and bisexual men and intersex persons; c) the cause of several negative physical and mental health outcomes; and d) largely unrecognized in both sexual minority communities and broader Japanese society.     

Embracing the “And”: Between Queer and Bisexual Theory at Brighton BiFest

Questions of bi identities can be invisibilized and overlooked by queer theorizing and LGBT studies. This article explores the ways in which complex performances of bisexuality can simultaneously encompass and deconstructively critique bi identity in a manner that embraces the “and” between bi and queer, offering important insights into how bi is lived, contested, and reaffirmed. Drawing on the BiCon and BiFest events in the UK, we argue that both the materialities (and supposed fixities) of bi erasures and exclusions and the fluidities that trouble the heterosexual/homosexual divides offer key insights into the spatial and temporal fixing and unfixing of identities.     

A Systematic Review of the Psychometric Properties of Composite LGBT Prejudice and Discrimination Scales

ABSTRACT

Prejudice and discrimination against LGBT individuals is widespread and has been shown to have negative consequences for sexual and gender minority persons’ physical and psychological wellbeing. A recent and problematic trend in the literature is to compositely measure prejudice toward and discrimination against LGBT persons. As such, a review of the psychometric properties of scales assessing, in a combinatory fashion, negative attitudes and/or behaviors toward LGBT persons is warranted. In the current study, 32 scales were identified, and their psychometric properties were evaluated. Most of the scales reviewed did not provide sufficient information regarding item development and refinement, scale dimensionality, scale score reliability, or validity. Properties of the reviewed scales are summarized, and recommendations for better measurement practice are articulated.     

Attitudes of Heterosexual Men and Women Toward HIV Negative and Positive Gay Men

Attitudes of Italian heterosexual men and women toward gay men, both HIV positive and negative, are poorly investigated. Italian culture is still extremely conservative and provides limited support to the gay community (e.g., lack of same-sex marriage recognition). Consequently, gay men experience social exclusion and disparities. The present study explores the association between homophobia and closeness with sexual orientation and HIV status. 261 heterosexual Italian men and women were assessed for feelings of closeness and homophobia after reading a vignette where the character was C1: heterosexual and HIV negative; C2: gay and HIV negative; or C3: gay and HIV positive. Experiences of homophobia and closeness varied depending on gender of participant and condition assigned, and higher levels of homophobia were correlated with lower levels of closeness regardless of HIV status. Implications and future directions are discussed.     

Students as researchers: An example of high-level participation of undergraduate midwifery students as co-investigators in research

BackgroundThere is a shift in focus of the curricula of undergraduate midwifery research-education - from research content to the research process, and the student from being an observer to a participant.Aim and MethodsTo explore an example of how to involve midwifery students as co-investigators in research. This paper discusses the experiences of an educational research project that adopted the highest level of student autonomy in research, involving six Bachelor of Midwifery final-year students participating as co-investigators in qualitative research focusing on women’s lived experiences of traumatic childbirth. The experiences are supported by the parameters of research-education and learning, and are discussed in the context of the dimensions of framing undergraduate research: Motivation, Inclusivity, Content, Originality, Setting, Collaboration, Focus and AudienceDiscussionCrucial for this educational research project is the recognition of the motivation, interests, (experiential) knowledge and real-world experiences of students. It starts with listening to the questions, thoughts and ideas that students bring, recognising and respecting the content and importance of their work and what is important and meaningful to them, while facilitating a student-led learning process. Collaboration between students and students and supervisors needs to be formally facilitated and supported, as this contributes to qualitative products for curricular and extra-curricular products. An academic infrastructure is necessary to support extra-curricular activities.ConclusionTo embed research adequately and effectively in the curriculum, a pedagogical approach, institutional learning and student-centred teaching strategies and practices, including high impact practices to mainstream undergraduate research and enquiry, are crucial.     

Comparative Morality Judgments About Lesbians and Gay Men Teaching and Adopting Children

The purpose of this study was to compare morality judgments of American Catholics and the general public about lesbians and gay men adopting and teaching children. The general sample endorsed higher agreement that lesbians and gay men should be allowed to adopt and to teach children compared to the Catholic only sample. Older participants were less accepting than all other age groups, and there was an interaction effect between education and political ideology such that those with less education and with more politically conservative beliefs were generally less accepting of lesbians and gay men adopting and teaching children.     

Discrete Effects of Religiosity and Spirituality on Gay Identity and Self-Esteem

Previous research has indicated that although spirituality may bolster development of a positive gay identity, religiosity may prove detrimental. Because the majority of this research confounds these constructs, there is little evidence as to the discrete roles religiosity and spirituality may play in LGB identity development. The present study endeavored to tease apart the unique effects of religion and spirituality on positive and negative gay identity and self-esteem. A sample of 376 self-identified sexual minority adults were given measures of religiosity, spirituality, LGB identity, and self-esteem. Models were built to evaluate the effects of religiosity (independent of spirituality) and spirituality (independent of religiosity), understanding that the constructs are greatly overlapped, on identity and self-esteem. Results included a positive association between spirituality and identity affirmation, identity superiority, and self-esteem. Religiosity was negatively associated with identity affirmation and self-esteem and positively associated with internalized homonegativity and heteronormativity. Limitations and implications are discussed.     

Unlikely hikers? Activism,Instagram, and the queer mobilities of fat hikers,women hiking alone,and hikers of colour

ABSTRACT

This paper investigates a nascent, primarily online community of so-called ‘unlikely hikers’, united in the premise that hiking is good for everyone’s mental and physical health and that diversity can and should extend to outdoor spaces including national parks. However, the ways in which hikers have hitherto been represented in outdoors media, advertising, and wider social imaginaries present potent barriers to participation. The paper traces the discursive origins and positioned ideologies of ‘the outdoors’ in former British settler colonies, particularly the USA, showing how national parks maintain legacies of frontier colonialism and default understandings of legitimate outdoorspeople as necessarily White, able-bodied, straight, and male. These legacies are then traced through four years of online ethnographic data (2015–2018), comprising multimedia narratives of fat hikers, solo women hikers including lesbian women, and hikers of colour as they relate their outdoor experiences on Instagram and related podcasts, blogs, and magazine articles. The discussion is theorized using Holman Jones and Harris’s notion of queering and Urry’s mobilities paradigm, and ‘queer mobilities’ is proposed as part of an activism and amplification aimed at queering the trail both within and beyond academic spaces.     

Gay/Queer Dynamics and the Question of Sexual History and Identity

This article examines how the essentialist/constructionist and gay/queer divides have been structured by a division between closed and open notions, and it then argues that these gay and queer notions also interrelate. It argues that unhistoricist queer theory has recently drawn attention to this closed/open interrelationship by inadvertently raising (a) doubts about the irreducible openness of queer; (b) questions about its fundamentalism; and (c) reservations about its ability to handle the re-emerging issues of consonances between sexual concepts across history and the importance, usages, and allure of sexual identities. I argue that these concerns are well grounded, and that queer theory may thus have reached its expiration date.