社会哲学视野:信仰的两大类型及其关系

信仰问题已成为社会转型期的大问题、真问题。文章主要论述信仰的两大类型即个人人生信仰与社会理想信仰及其关系。指出社会转型期的危机是这两种信仰的综合性危机,只有承认并正确认识这种危机,才能重建信仰。     

道德信仰及其当代意义

道德信仰是一个生成的完整范畴。“道德”是其基础,信仰是其“着力点”。道德信仰是指道德的形而上学之基础,一是指道德形成的前提性的精神基础;二是指道德的终极向往即道德的最高目标和最高境界。对“人性”的理解及其相应的态度(信仰)是道德形成的精神基础;对“人生意义”的理解及其相应的态度是道德的最高目标和最高境界。道德信仰之所以是必要的,在于它依赖信仰实现道德中所谓动机与效果的统一。人们对“人性”与“人生意义”有相当不同的理解,现实生活中的道德信仰也据此产生两种不同的指向:一是世俗的现实生活指向;一是超俗的宗教生活指向。深化道德信仰研究,有利于明晰社会主义道德的精神基础,有利于强化社会主义道德的凝聚功能,有利于改善社会主义道德的教育方式。     

Teaching Three Year-Olds to Pass False Belief Tests: A Conversational Approach

A training procedure was developed for teaching three year-old children to pass a standard false belief task. A series of 4 video sequences was developed, in each of which a child showed surprise following the unexpected transfer of an object. A group of 23 three year-olds who failed a standard false belief task took part in 8 discussions of the 4 video clips, over a period of two weeks, and were compared with a control group of 23 task-failers who had 8 story reading sessions over the same time period. The training involved (a) interactive recall of the initial events in each sequence, (b) factual questioning about the events and (c) an explanation of the thoughts and actions of the video protagonists. The emphasis was on positive elaboration of children's answers rather than on negative feedback as counter evidence. The training group performed significantly better at an immediate post-test, and at a follow-up test two weeks later, on a similar as well as a generalisation task. Task success was unrelated to vocabulary (BPVS) score, but was significantly related to success of responses during the training. The results indicate learning in the Training group of a discursive format for talking about events useful for describing false beliefs.     

道德信仰的客体性构成及其本质

从道德信仰的客体性构成来看 ,它涵盖道德本体与价值、理想与目的、原则与规范三个缺一不可的内容。从道德信仰的客体性本质来看 ,道德信仰只能是对人的社会本质的反映     

How Parenting Style Affects False Belief Understanding

This study investigated whether mothers facilitate false belief understanding, and if so, what strategies are particularly relevant. The mothers of 64 3- and 4-year-olds were given questionnaires eliciting information about mother's education, mother's occupation, number of younger and older siblings, the time the child spends with mother, and about how mothers deal with five disciplinary situations with their child. Three variables were positively correlated with belief understanding: age, number of older siblings, and number of times mothers said they would respond to the disciplinary situations by asking the child to reflect on the victim's feelings (How Feel responses). These three variables had an independent effect on belief understanding because each was significant after accounting for the influence due to the other two variables. In contrast, there was no significant positive relation between belief understanding and mothers who engaged their child in general discussion and exploration of the disciplinary issues, or who simply reprimanded the child without discussing the situation. The effects for number of older siblings and How Feel responses remained even after the influence due to the child's age, verbal mental age, time spent with the mother, and number of younger siblings was accounted for. The results are consistent with recent research showing that parent-child relations may be important for theory of mind understanding. More importantly, they provide insight into a specific strategy by which parents may help children learn about mental states.     

《明史食货志》之编纂、研究与校勘修订

《明史食货志》之编纂始于清初潘耒辑录明实录的有关资料,志书草稿成于王原,而后删改成王鸿绪《明史稿》之食货志,雍乾之际再加修改而成其书。此书是研究明代社会经济的重要依据,历来受到学者的重视。20世纪中期以后,海内外学者开始对之进行校勘,纠正其失误。近几年对初校本《明史食货志》校勘记的修订是在尊重并吸收前贤有关成果的基础上,复核、修订初校本原有校勘记,并对新发现的问题加以考证,作出增补校勘。每条校勘,首先从论证较详的校勘记长编入手,而后简化成扼要的校勘记。初校本《明史食货志》原有校勘记99条,修订后形成了校勘记长编247条,又从中择出223条简化成校勘记。文章选列其中校勘记长编30条,希望读者由之了解本次校勘修订工作的大体状况。     

Objective Belief Functions as Induced Measures

Given a belief function ν on the set of all subsets of prizes, how should ν values be understood as a decision alternative? This paper presents and characterizes an induced-measure interpretation of belief functions.

     

Belief system foundations of backward induction

Two justifications of backward induction (BI) in generic perfect information games are formulated using Bonanno's (1992; Theory and Decision 33, 153) belief systems. The first justification concerns the BI strategy profile and is based on selecting a set of rational belief systems from which players have to choose their belief functions. The second justification concerns the BI path of play and is based on a sequential deletion of nodes that are inconsistent with the choice of rational belief functions.     

Is there a Gender Difference in False Belief Development?

The contribution of children's social environment to their acquisition of theory of mind skills, combined with the well documented advantage for girls in mental state talk with siblings, peers and mothers, might lead to a female advantage on false belief tasks. We present a post‐hoc analysis of large datasets from two independent laboratories. A slight advantage for girls on false belief task performance was found in both datasets and was only apparent in younger but not older children. Language ability could be controlled for only in a smaller subsample of one dataset and cannot be ruled out as a potential mediator of this effect. However, if there is an age‐specific advantage for girls in false belief acquisition it is a weak effect only.     

史前宗教信仰与道德观念的一体化

原始伦理道德作为人类最初的道德意识与行为准则 ,与原始宗教有着千丝万缕的联系 ,是一种一而二、二而一的关系。不论是原始宗教的崇拜对象以及崇拜形式、宗教仪式 ,还是原始道德的内容及其形式、传承 ,都清晰地显示出了这一特点。     

论传统民间信仰与社会主义精神文明建设

民间信仰是民俗文化的一种表现形式 ,其中包含着健康的内容 ,也含有消极的因素。民间信仰对建设社会主义精神文明有重要影响。健康的民间信仰保存了大量民族精神和文化传统 ,可作为社会主义精神文明建设的宝贵资源 ,在精神文明建设中发挥积极作用 ;消极的民间信仰存有大量封建迷信的内容 ,严重制约着精神文明建设。因此只有加强对民间信仰的积极引导 ,做好保留其精华、剔除其糟粕的工作 ,才能使民间信仰在社会主义精神文明建设中发挥积极作用。     

Games of Incomplete Information Without Common Knowledge Priors

We relax the assumption that priors are common knowledge, in the standard model of games of incomplete information. We make the realistic assumption that the players are boundedly rational: they base their actions on finite-order belief hierarchies. When the different layers of beliefs are independent of each other, we can retain Harsányi's type-space, and we can define straightforward generalizations of Bayesian Nash Equilibrium (BNE) and Rationalizability in our context. Since neither of these concepts is quite satisfactory, we propose a hybrid concept, Mirage Equilibrium, providing us with a practical tool to work with inconsistent belief hierarchies. When the different layers of beliefs are correlated, we must enlarge the type-space to include the parametric beliefs. This presents us with the difficulty of the inherent openness of finite belief subspaces. Appealing to bounded rationality once more, we posit that the players believe that their opponent holds a belief hierarchy one layer shorter than they do and we provide alternative generalizations of BNE and Rationalizability. Finally, we show that, when beliefs are degenerate point beliefs, the definition of Mirage Equilibrium coincides with that of the generalized BNE. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

汉晋至唐岳神司命信仰谳论

在民间信仰脉络中,先秦"泰山治鬼"说在汉代演化为泰山司命信仰,逮至晋唐,泰山主治生死的职能更为细化,形成以泰山神为首的地府衙署。作为岱宗,泰山司命信仰自然会影响五岳。东汉时泰山裁定生死的职能已投射到五岳。至唐代,岳神司命信仰流布更广,信仰内涵渐趋丰富,更多折射出世俗化的信仰诉求。与民间岳神司命信仰发展理路不同,汉唐道教将泰山治鬼说与道教神学思想结合并加以创发,道教岳神司命信仰由此别具特点,具体表现为泰山司命的重要标识——泰山死籍形成、岳神司命信仰与五岳真形图信仰、五岳真君信仰相融合。     

《公司法》修订与相关刑事立法的完善

公司制度实现了社会资本的集中,为市场经济和生产力的发展创造了基础。然而,公司制度也为很多经济犯罪活动所利用。我国《刑法》规定了妨害对公司、企业的管理秩序罪,但随着形势的发展,其中的一些规定与现实需要之间出现了背离。妨害对公司、企业的管理秩序罪的缺陷缘于对公司制度的不成熟认识。随着我国《公司法》的修订和公司法理念日趋成熟,立法机关对相关刑事立法进行修订已是势在必行。     

从日本历史教科书的审定和修改看政府战争史观之变迁——以2000-2010年度的实例分析为中心

作为历史认识的集中体现,日本历史教科书问题一直是影响中日关系的重要因素,也是学界关注的热点,其意义毋庸赘言。战后,日本历史教科书的审定和修订虽在阶段上呈现改恶与改善交替进行的状态,但在整体上呈现为全面右倾化的趋势。本文参考日本政府的审定意见,对比教科书修改前后的异同,用文本研究的实证主义方法分析其右倾化倾向的存在。     

法信仰应是大学法制教育的核心

法信仰是人们对法律的无限信服与崇拜,并以之为行为的最高准则.法律知识的多寡与法信仰的强弱没有必然的正比关系.高校<法律基础>课的教学存在着重知识传授而轻信仰培养的倾向,造成学生学而不用,知而不信.因而必须改革法律教学,凸显作为"两课"解决信仰和思想问题的特点和优势,将法信仰置于大学法制教育的核心地位.     

试论宗教信仰的政治意蕴

信仰源于人类的本性需要,宗教信仰也是如此,对宗教信仰的社会作用应给以科学评价。宗教信仰之所以得到许多国家的认同和支持,在于其具有深刻的政治意蕴。它不仅是统治者进行政治统治的理论辩护工具,而且是进行社会控制和稳定社会秩序的调节器,特别是凝聚民族力量的强力粘合剂,一些重要政治运动的传播机。因此,在对待宗教信仰的态度上,我们一方面应该实行宗教信仰自由政策,另一方面必须反对封建迷信、抵制和铲除邪教。同时,维护宗教信仰的民族性特点,坚决反对利用宗教信仰作掩护的民族分裂主义。     

明清道教神仙信仰的民众化

神仙信仰是道教的核心信仰.明清道教神仙信仰的民众化主要是指神仙信仰深入普通民众生活并对民众的生产、生活及心理产生普遍影响的社会现象.其内容主要包括三个方面:神仙形象的民间化,即从天上神仙到民间异人;神仙功能的社会化,即从个体成仙到救世度人;神仙居所的尘世化与内向化,即从遥不可及的"洞天福地"到遍布乡间市井的官观庙宇,一直深入到人们的心灵居所.这一民众化过程,是明清社会大变动榕局之下的产物,这一时期的经济、政治、社会控制等是民众化最终形成的外部因素.同时,这一民众化过程与中国封建社会的文化特征亦有着密切的关联,凸显了中国文化的一体化与交融性.     

论明史、明史研究及点校本《明史》修订

明代是中国古代历史上的盛世之一,为后人留下了宝贵的经验和深刻的教训。前人对明史作了许多研究,成果丰硕,但继续研究仍有空间。当前,明史研究面临进一步大发展的新局面,搞好明代古籍文献的整理工作,特别是搞好《明史》点校本修订工作,十分必要。