经济视角看腐败

文章从经济学的角度去分析腐败,把腐败作为一种经营活动来进行分析,为腐败给出了一个经济学定义。文章分析了腐败对经济的危害,如阻碍经济发展、影响贫困治理、造成政府信誉的丧失、增加信用交易成本等。最后提出了抑制腐败的经济学对策:即"堵源截流","胡萝卜加大棒"的政策,让官员不能腐、不愿腐、不敢腐。     

腐败的经济分析

本文仅将腐败界定为经济人的一种理性行为选择,并将运用成本-收益理论,腐败的供给需求理论,产权制度理论对代理人的腐败选择的成因进行分析,最后对有损社会利益的腐败行为的制度改进提出建议。     

环境污染、经济增长与医疗卫生服务对公共健康的影响分析——基于中国省际面板数据的研究

环境污染与经济增长对居民的公共健康水平有重要影响,但基于面板数据对此问题分区域的研究较少。本文在Grossman健康生产函数的基础上加入环境污染等多重因素,使用中国30个省市区1997年到2010年的面板数据,建立个体固定效应模型,将我国划分为东部、中部和西部三个区域,实证分析了环境污染、经济增长与医疗卫生服务对不同区域居民公共健康的影响及其差异。研究发现:环境污染、经济增长、医疗卫生服务与居民公共健康存在长期均衡的协整关系,经济增长与全国、东部和中部的公共健康关系呈现倒U型的特征;具体而言:东部区域,曲线已达到拐点,中部区域,当人均GDP为3311元时,曲线达到拐点;全国以及东、中、西部区域,工业烟尘排放量与人口死亡率呈正向关关系,工业二氧化硫排放量与人口死亡率只在中部地区显著正相关;全国、东部和中部区域人均医生数与人口死亡率呈显著负相关,西部地区未呈现这一特性;人均医疗保健支出与人口死亡率在中部地区显著负相关,医疗卫生服务可有效减少环境污染对居民的健康威胁。因此,制定差别化的环境污染、经济增长与医疗服务政策等有利于提升全国以及东中西部居民的公共健康水平。     

腐败使我们失去了什么？

对于如何看待腐败的作用,一直存在着争论。其中一个引起广泛争议的观点认为,在我国体制转型过程中腐败具有某种积极意义,即腐败有利于瓦解旧体制。比如,某种旧体制使该做的正当事情做不成,而通过腐败方式买通权力就可以做成,这样就使旧体制具有某种弹性。这样的观点,公开主张的不多,默认的却不少。在一些地方,甚至由此形成了经济社会生活运作的某些潜规则。但实践表明,这是一种极为短视的机会主义思维方式。即便我们承认腐败可以具有上述意义,但其造成的危害远不是什么好处所能弥补的。一些学者力图用一种数字化的方式来计算腐败给我们这个…     

外商直接投资导致了中国的环境污染吗?——基于中国省际面板数据的空间计量研究

通过构建环境污染综合指数,运用探索性空间数据分析方法对2000~2009年FDI及环境污染在我国各省域的分布格局及空间动态跃迁进行了分析,结果显示我国省域FDI和环境污染均存在显著的空间自相关性,两者在地理分布上具有明显的"路径依赖"特征并形成了不同的集聚区域,目前FDI高值集聚区一般是我国环境污染的低值集聚区,FDI低值集聚区却是我国环境污染的高值集聚区。在此基础上,进一步采用空间误差模型和空间滞后模型实证分析了FDI对我国环境污染的影响,研究表明FDI在地理上的集群有利于改善我国的环境污染,从整体上来说"污染天堂"假说在中国并不成立,但不同来源地的FDI对区域环境污染的影响程度存在显著的差异,其中来自全球离岸金融中心的外资显著降低了我国的环境污染,东亚、欧美等发达国家的外资对环境污染的改善不明显。     

基于多种污染物损害视角的地方政府间环境规制合作策略研究

考虑多种(非累积性和累积性)污染物对环境造成不同损害的前提下,首先基于Stackelberg博弈分析占主导的地方政府和跟随的工业企业各自的动态决策过程,确定工业企业的最优污染物排放量;随后运用最优控制理论构建两个相邻地区在非合作和合作博弈下关于跨界污染最优控制的博弈模型,分析地方政府的环境治理策略,包括最优的环境保护税、污染治理投资,探讨污染物存量的动态变化情况,并对此两种博弈结构进行了比较分析。理论及仿真分析表明：无论地区间是非合作还是合作博弈,工业企业的最优污染物排放量与其污染物减排比例的相关性不确定;每个地区的最优环境保护税与污染物减排比例呈正相关。但合作博弈下,每个地区均会考虑其非累积性污染物排放对其相邻地区造成的损害;每个地区均会增加污染治理投资;所有地区的总收益高于非合作博弈下,且高出部分(合作剩余)受累积性污染物的损害以及非累积性污染物对相邻地区损害的影响,但是与非累积性污染物对本地区的损害无关。     

Public Perceptions of How Long Air Pollution and Carbon Dioxide Remain in the Atmosphere

The atmospheric residence time of carbon dioxide is hundreds of years, many orders of magnitude longer than that of common air pollution, which is typically hours to a few days. However, randomly selected respondents in a mail survey in Allegheny County, PA (N = 119) and in a national survey conducted with MTurk (N = 1,013) judged the two to be identical (in decades), considerably overestimating the residence time of air pollution and drastically underestimating that of carbon dioxide. Moreover, while many respondents believed that action is needed today to avoid climate change (regardless of cause), roughly a quarter held the view that if climate change is real and serious, we will be able to stop it in the future when it happens, just as we did with common air pollution. In addition to assessing respondents’ understanding of how long carbon dioxide and common air pollution stay in the atmosphere, we also explored the extent to which people correctly identified causes of climate change and how their beliefs affect support for action. With climate change at the forefront of politics and mainstream media, informing discussions of policy is increasingly important. Confusion about the causes and consequences of climate change, and especially about carbon dioxide's long atmospheric residence time, could have profound implications for sustained support of policies to achieve reductions in carbon dioxide emissions and other greenhouse gases.     

The Role of Cancer Risk in the Regulation of Industrial Pollution

The extent of carcinogen regulation under existing U.S. environmental statutes is assessed by developing measures of the scope and stringency of regulation. While concern about cancer risk has played an important political role in obtaining support for pollution control programs, it has not provided the predominant rationale for most regulatory actions taken to date. Less than 20% of all standards established to limit concentrations of chemicals in various media address carcinogens. Restrictions on chemical use are more frequently based on concerns about noncancer human health or ecological effects. Of the chemicals in commercial use which have been identified as potential human carcinogens on the basis of rodent bioassays, only a small proportion are regulated. There is an inverse relationship between the scope of regulatory coverage and the stringency of regulatory requirements: the largest percentages of identified carcinogens are affected by the least stringent requirements, such as information disclosure. Standards based on de minimis cancer risk levels have been established for only 10% of identified carcinogens and are restricted to one medium: water. Complete bans on use have affected very few chemicals. The general role that carcinogenicity now plays in the regulatory process is not dramatically different from that of other adverse human health effects: if a substance is identified as a hazard, it may eventually be subject to economically achievable and technically feasible restrictions.     

The Effects of Environmental Regulations on the Productivity of Large Companies: An Empirical Analysis of the Spanish Case

This article provides evidence to the debateabout whether or not investments designated forcompliance with environmental performance andtechnology standards favor or harm the workproductivity of companies. A panel data modelis analyzed, which panel refers to 53 largeSpanish companies quoted on the stock exchangeand that have participated in a subsidizedenvironmental protection program during the1990–1995 period, specifically in theIndustrial and Technological Program for theEnvironment (PITMA). A Cobb-Douglas productionfunction is used to relate the workproductivity to a measure of the pollutionabatement investment dedicated to compliancewith standards. The resulting negativecoefficient, although close to zero, should notbe interpreted as a result derived from justany kind of regulation, but rather a result ofthe kind of regulation analyzed in this work,meaning the command and control regulation thatoften binds companies to make environmentalinvestments that are not productive in theconventional economic sense, although they areproductive in terms of environmental quality.In addition, and in order to specify the kindof company to which the conclusions of thispaper are applicable, the characteristics ofthe companies that participated in PITMA areanalyzed comparatively with companies that didnot participate.     

晋升激励、地域偏爱与企业环境表现:来自A股上市公司的经验证据

晋升激励和地域偏爱是影响地方政府官员决策行为的关键因素。本文以2009-2015年沪深A股上市企业为样本,探讨官员更替对企业环境表现的影响,并分别从晋升激励和地域偏爱两个角度切入分析这种影响背后的机制。研究发现,地方政府换届后,若继任官员来自本地调任,则当地企业的环境表现将得到改善;而若继任官员来自异地调任,则当地企业的环境表现将发生恶化。这一研究结论在解决可能的内生性问题、改变度量指标、考虑滞后反应、进行安慰剂测试、调整样本及控制其他可能的遗漏变量等一系列稳健性测试后仍然成立。进一步研究发现,异地调任的继任官员出于晋升激励的动机而倾向于降低地方环境治理水平;而本地调任官员出于对曾经任职地区的地域偏爱而更重视当地环境治理。本文创新性地从地方官员的晋升激励和地域偏爱视角探讨企业的环境社会责任,为理解地方官员的决策模式和企业环境责任行为提供了新思路。     

Regional Risk Assessment for Point Source Pollution Based on a Water Quality Model of the Taipu River,China

Point source pollution is one of the main threats to regional environmental health. Based on a water quality model, a methodology to assess the regional risk of point source pollution is proposed. The assessment procedure includes five parts: (1) identifying risk source units and estimating source emissions using Monte Carlo algorithms; (2) observing hydrological and water quality data of the assessed area, and evaluating the selected water quality model; (3) screening out the assessment endpoints and analyzing receptor vulnerability with the Choquet fuzzy integral algorithm; (4) using the water quality model introduced in the second step to predict pollutant concentrations for various source emission scenarios and analyzing hazards of risk sources; and finally, (5) using the source hazard values and receptor vulnerability scores to estimate overall regional risk. The proposed method, based on the Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP), was applied in the region of the Taipu River, which is in the Taihu Basin, China. Results of source hazard and receptor vulnerability analysis allowed us to describe aquatic ecological, human health, and socioeconomic risks individually, and also integrated risks in the Taipu region, from a series of risk curves. Risk contributions of sources to receptors were ranked, and the spatial distribution of risk levels was presented. By changing the input conditions, we were able to estimate risks for a range of scenarios. Thus, the proposed procedure may also be used by decisionmakers for long‐term dynamic risk prediction.     

大气污染与环境规制对企业库存的影响机制研究——基于广东省工业企业数据

本文从系统学视角出发,构建了大气污染与环境规制对工业企业库存产生效用的系统动力学模型,研究减排政策、工业污染治理投资、交通基础设施投资以及科技投资的变化对广东省工业企业库存和工业经济的影响效应.仿真结果表明:实施减排政策及加大工业污染治理投资均可减缓工业企业的库存压力,且两个政策的同时实施对库存压力的减缓作用产生了"1+1＞2"的协同效应;加大交通基础设施投资和科技投资均会使工业企业库存压力有所减缓;随着这些政策实施年限的增加及力度的加大,对库存压力的减缓作用越来越强,给工业经济带来的正效应也逐渐增大.最后根据仿真结果,为从环境规制和投资政策的角度降低工业企业库存,促进工业经济发展提出相关政策建议.     

第三方国际环境审计下考虑政府监管与公众监督策略选择的演化博弈研究

企业环境行为问题,特别是企业不当的环境行为对环境造成的潜在影响已成为全球迫切需要解决的问题。第三方国际环境审计能够驱动污染企业积极实施绿色环境行为,基于此文章引入第三方国际环境审计,致立于驱动企业环境行为朝着理想的状态演化,基于有限理性假设的条件,构建了政府、污染企业与公众的演化博弈模型,建立三主体的复制动态方程,得到不同情况下政府、企业与公众的演化稳定策略,探索第三方国际环境介入下的三方决策主体的演化路径和规律,进一步揭示第三方国际环境审计的应用价值。最后,通过仿真分析研究影响三主体最终策略选择的因素。研究表明,政府策略选择对企业是否加入第三方国际环境审计、公众是否参与监督企业加入第三方国际环境审计具有引导作用,公众是否监督企业加入第三方国际环境审计影响企业是否加入第三方国际环境审计;政府、企业与公众三主体的最终策略选择不仅与各主体的初始参与比例有关,同时与其余参数的初始值有关。在不同背景下,政府、企业和公众可以通过理性决策和策略选择,使得三方博弈主体的行为选择能够朝着理想方向演化联合有效遏制企业不当的环境行为,为企业绿色环境行为的积极实施提供相应的参考。     

竞争压力、战略变化、企业绩效间的结构关系——我国转型经济背景下的研究

从构建竞争压力、战略变化和企业绩效间的独立假设入手,基于来自全国10省市重要工业行业样本企业的数据,运用结构方程模型对3要素间结构关系进行了验证,主要结论包括:①相对竞争压力等产业环境因素而言,宏观经济因素在我国企业战略变化过程中发挥着更重要的作用,而企业内部要素正成为我国企业战略变化的重要约束条件;②战略变化对企业绩效具有重要影响,经济转型的深刻性和普遍性使得各行业企业依据环境需要进行战略调整对企业的生存和发展具有重要意义;③竞争压力同战略变化一起成为决定企业最终绩效的重要变量,它不但对绩效有直接影响,还会通过战略变化对其产生间接影响。