Autoportrait des footballeurs de metier

Professional football players are well known public figures and in the French case always considered as working class people. An enquiry with questionnaires showed that this does not reflect the reality of the French players in the past as well as in the present. French professional football players consider themselves as artists and their social origins are quite diverse. They use particular strategies in their careers in order to improve their social conditions. Overall, it can be said that the social standing of footballers has increased during the last decade.     

Les syndicalistes de SUD-PTT : des entrepreneurs de morale ?

Since 1988 when it was founded, the Sud-PTT Union has often used law suits as a means of action in dealings with French postal authorities. Law is a full part of its practices. This is surprising coming from a union strongly attached to a protest tradition and so symbolically hostile to any form of institutionalization. What reasons underlie this orientation? The “conflict of rules” undertaken by SUD-PTT must be seen in relation to a major change in contemporary social strife. The “antagonistic posture” is no longer limited to collective actions but extends to more institutionalized strategies. Not just technical or instrumental, this sort of action aims at bringing pressure to bear on norms and, as a consequence, on the codification of social relations and on ways of living together.     

Mesure des effets sur l'emploi des échanges de biens intermédiaires et de produits finis

La croissance des échanges de biens intermédiaires et de services a compliqué la relation entre commerce et division du travail à l'échelle internationale. Pour trente‐neuf pays, l'auteur décompose les effets du commerce sur l'emploi selon leur origine: 1) exportations; 2) importations; 3) part des importations dans les exportations; 4) part des exportations dans les importations; 5) part des importations de pays tiers dans les importations. En 2009, quelque 88 millions d'emplois étaient imputables aux échanges de biens intermédiaires – 14 pour cent des emplois découlant des échanges –, tandis que la part des importations dans les exportations représentait 44 millions d'emplois.     

Relation entre l'emploi des jeunes et l'emploi des seniors dans vingt pays de l'OCDE

S'appuyant sur la thèse selon laquelle il existerait un volume fixe d'emplois dans l'économie, beaucoup de pays de l'OCDE ont cherché à lutter contre le chômage, en augmentation depuis les années 1970, par des dispositifs favorisant les cessations d'activité anticipées. Or les études à l'échelle de l'OCDE font apparaître en réalité une corrélation positive entre l'emploi des jeunes et celui des travailleurs âgés. Cependant, comme la plupart des auteurs estiment des effets moyens, on dispose de relativement peu d'informations sur l'hétérogénéité de ce lien. L'auteure tente de combler cette lacune en étudiant cette hétérogénéité dans vingt pays de l'OCDE.     

La dynamique de la vocation : les évolutions de la rationalisation de l’engagement au travail des danseurs de ballet

The commitment to one's work, with body and soul involvement is a key issue in the study of vocation-driven occupations. In such callings, the aspirations that are socially constructed and experienced as vocations have been shown to provide meaning and direction to one's commitment. However, this study of Paris Opera ballet dancers shows that realizing one's aspirations are impossible to achieve does not necessarily result in quitting, nor retraining. Changes in the way dancers relate to their work are studied using sequential analysis, to examine which social factors may explain how this involvement's meaning is maintained. The analysis identifies some processes of vocation recomposition. Thus revealing, behind the professional careers, the “moral careers” of the vocation.     

Évaluer les pratiques des entreprises en matière de travail décent: une analyse des méthodologies de notation ESG

Les agences de notation spécialisées dans l‘évaluation des pratiques des entreprises en matière environnementale, sociale et de gouvernance (ESG) sont des partenaires importants pour les acteurs de l'investissement responsable, qu'elles alimentent en données extrafinancières. Si la question des indicateurs ESG a déjà été traitée dans la littérature, la façon d‘évaluer le travail décent est peu documentée. Les auteurs observent les pratiques de six agences de notation ESG pour comprendre comment ces organismes mesurent et évaluent la performance en matière de travail décent, et avec quelles difficultés, et pour déterminer si l'investissement responsable et les notations ESG peuvent véritablement promouvoir le travail décent dans les entreprises.     

Pour une conception clinique de la notion de stress: la prise en compte des dimensions collectives

In France, more and more employees, whether they are employed by state-owned or private enterprises, readily admit they suffer from stress. Although subjected to both deep and difficult transformations, post office counter clerks do not use the word. A three-year research study with counter clerks of La Poste, led by clinical sociologists from the viewpoint of clinical sociology, invites us to question the notion of stress. To begin, the paper takes the opportunity to clarify the use that a clinical sociologist makes of this English notion usually connected with individual psychology. It then shows in which circumstances the counter clerks, including those who work in offices considered ‘calm’, are in fact confronted with working conditions that qualify as stressful. Finally, through clinical cases, the paper contests the North American view of stress by showing that it is essentially founded on an individual understanding of this pathology and that it abusively overlooks the collective dimension of work in its account of a real suffering.     

À l'école de la détention : quelques aspects de la socialisation professionnelle des surveillants de prison

Their first period of training in penitentiaries provided an opportunity for studying the occupational socialization of French prison wardens. Although the latter soon learn certain aspects of life behind the bars, their talk manifests a mistrust of both the training situation and prison in general. By combining class work outside the detention center and experiences with handling inmates inside, this training presents new recruits with the contradictory admonitions of trainers and corrections officers. A double bind thus complicates learning this trade: whether to follow suggestions about imposing order or to negotiate; whether to accept the penitentiary method or, like the others, consider it to be inefficient or even dangerous. This occupational socialization spawns dilemmas and contradictions; it does not peacefully transmit a predefined occupational role.     

La maladie des coûts est-elle contagieuse ? Le cas des ensembles de musique ancienne

To complete traditional explanations of why the performing arts tend to run a deficit, the case of Early Music orchestras is examined. The usual mechanisms do not suffice to explain why these institutions suffer from the “illness of costs”. Two hypotheses are combined to complete Baumol’s model. For one thing the deepening deficit of Early Music orchestras is related to their professionalization; and for another, it is explained by their being simultaneously in two markets: the concert market and the musicians’ labor market, where they have to compete with subsidized orchestras.     

L'indicateur «Embauche des travailleurs» de la Banque mondiale: bilan des travaux et critiques

Cette note fait le point sur le débat suscité par le projet Doing Business de la Banque mondiale, et notamment par son indicateur «Embauche des travailleurs», censé mesurer la difficulté d'embaucher, la rigidité de la durée du travail et la difficulté de licencier. Les auteurs présentent les résultats des études qui l'ont utilisé, l'ont inspiré ou ont été influencées par cet indicateur. Ils se penchent ensuite sur les critiques de cet instrument qui pose des problèmes conceptuels et empiriques. Ils concluent par la formulation de suggestions pour les recherches à venir.     

Guerre juste et guerre sainte au regard des droits de l'homme

The permanence of conflict, and the resurgence of holy war today, belie the condemnations of war by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Charter of the United Nations. They provoke questions about derogations from these principles to prevent violations of human dignity and to consider a military intervention in reference to human rights. First of all, the ambiguity of humanitarian or military intervention needs clarification; then a priori objections against justifiable military intervention postpone its interpretation indefinitely. Only justice may legitimate armed interventions to protect the innocent by disarming their attacker. It requires a re-understanding of sovereignty as the responsibility to protect. From this, preventive military intervention remains unjustifiable. Nevertheless, in the case of an effective and imminent threat, the absolute and immediately necessity to protect oneself or another does legitimate first action as an ultimate defence under contradiction, as shown by the defence against the holy war of terrorism. But it requires systematic investigation concerning the specific situations and purposes implied. So, only human rights can legitimate military intervention, according to this rethinking of the criteria, and only to protect oneself and others; and the implementation of such an intervention, in complex situations, requires extreme prudence and considerable wisdom.     

Qualité des produits alimentaires et marques de filières

Brands have recently cropped up in the distribution of fresh produce - a phenomenon closely linked to food and health crises in the past few years. Public authorities have been creating new control and monitoring procedures, tightening regulations on production and modifying regulations about official labels of quality. Meanwhile, retailers have been adopting new strategies for segmenting supply. How does this affect the supply of produce to consumers? How does it modify relations between producers and distributors? Under what conditions do these parties have an interest in complying? How do these segmentation strategies interact with the policies advocated by public officials and affect the raising of standards for a “minimum quality”? - Special issue on Agriculture and food.     

Ľévolution des formes de ľappropriation des femmes: des religieuses aux 'mères porteuses'

Based on the research that they are presently conducting on female religious communities in Quebec, the authors offer some thoughts, in this article, which could draw feminist theory out of the dead-end confining it and facilitate the analysis of the ongoing reorganization of gender relations. Their research follows the tradition of the work on the private and collective social appropriation of women. Firstly, the authors locate their approach in the system formed by feminist theories inspired by materialism, a system which has evolved through four stages in the past 20 years. They then construct an analysis of gender relations in which they try to integrate all of the forms, past and present, of private appropriation and collective appropriation, as well as the modalities ensuring their cohesion. These forms and modalities of appropriation constitute systems of ‘sexage’; two such systems are described briefly. A partir de leur étude portant sur les communautés religieuses de femmes au Québec, les auteures présentent, dans cet article, quelques réflexions susceptibles de sortir la théorie féministe de ?impasse où elle semble enfermée et de faciliter ?analyse de la réorganisation présentement en cours des rapports sociaux de sexe. Leur recherche s'inscrit dans la lignée des travaux sur ?appropriation privée et collective des femmes. En premier lieu, les auteures situent leur approche dans le système que forment les théories féministes s'inspirant du courant matérialiste, ce système ayant traversé quatre étapes depuis les derniers vingt ans. Elles construisent ensuite une analyse des rapports sociaux de sexe où elles cherchent à intégrer toutes les formes, passées et présentes, de ?appropriation privée et de ?appropriation collective ainsi que les modalités assurant leur cohésion. Ces formes et ces modalités de ?appropriation constituent des systèmes de sexage, deux ?entre eux y étant présentés.