收入不平等、公平偏好与再分配的实验研究

随着收入不平等差距的拉大,越来越多的经济学家对公平与再分配问题进行了研究。本文采用实验室实验方法,研究了在不同成本与效率条件下,针对不同的税前收入决定方法,中国被试的自利偏好与公平偏好对个体再分配行为的影响。实验研究发现:除了自利偏好,公平偏好在再分配决策中发挥着重要的影响;决定税前收入不平等的因素对个体的公平偏好与再分配行为有显著影响;在个体再分配偏好中,公平偏好满足需求法则,并且与效率损失之间存在权衡取舍关系;最后,再分配行为受到决策者的角色与社会特征的影响。本文研究结论对于我国收入分配政策设计具有一定的参考价值。     

高等教育不公平现象剖析

高等教育关系国家繁荣、富强,也和我们每个人发展和权利密切相关。虽然高等教育正在走向大众化、全民化,但是对于想进入高校深造的学生来说,高等教育目前并不是人人公平的,本文就高等教育的不公平原因进行分析,并提出一些建议,以期推动我国的高等教育和谐发展。     

不公平厌恶偏好、股权结构与管理层薪酬激励效果--一个实验分析

传统经济学理论建立在自利的人性假设之上,但事实上在许多情形下,公平意识会影响人的行为。以薪酬激励合约为中介,构建不同产权基础的公司与不同经理人员特质的内生配置模型,把不公平厌恶偏好的异质性纳入到配置模型中,以310位企业经理人员作为实验对象,通过一组独裁者博弈实验和两组策略博弈实验共9014次分配决策,检验被试几种主要类型的社会偏好,从中甄别出经理人员不公平厌恶偏好的相对强度,结合调查问卷的数据证实经理人员不公平厌恶偏好、努力水平、公司股权结构和公司绩效之间由薪酬激励契约联结起来的内生配置关系。研究结果表明,具有不同公平性偏好的行为人对于等额的薪酬不公平的反应有所不同,从而影响合约的履行效果,控制权收益对薪酬的浮动部分具有替代效应,产生反向的激励效应,替代程度越大,反向激励效果越大。     

双边信息不对称的供应链契约机制效率:基于实验研究北大核心CSSCI

契约机制是协调供应链企业行为的重要理论方法,却很少被实验验证。本文通过实验室实验的方法验证双边不对称信息下的供应链契约机制的效率。首先,简化了制造商和销售商双方各自成本信息不对称的数学模型,并基于此给出相应的契约机制和相应的数值算例,以此作为实验设计的基础。其次,按照实验经济学基本规范设计实验并进行了20轮有效实验。实验结果显示:(1)随着实验进行,被试真实共享信息的频率有逐渐增大的趋势,并在实验后半段频率趋于稳定。全程实验中,制销角色双方在真实共享信息比例都在63%以上.(2)被试的个体收益会受到对方信息是否真实共享的影响。如果任一方或双方谎报信息,双方收益都会受损。通过实验,我们发现如果决策者理性进行决策---最大化其期望收益,则会真实的共享信息。因此,理论契约机制在激励制销双方真实共享信息上总体是有效的,其效率损失的主要原因是被试个体的非理性行为。     

信息技术对价格信息不对称的影响研究

信息技术降低了企业和客户获取信息的成本,从而对价格信息不对称产生影响。本文从客户搜索产品价格信息的角度,分别对四种市场进行分析,得出了在短期市场中,考虑IT影响时信息不对称降低、客户获得较低价格的结论;长期市场中,考虑IT影响时,信息不对称消失、市场演变为完全竞争市场的结论。最后,给出企业制定价格策略的建议。     

信息不对称与中国石油

投资市场由于信息不对称所引发的一些问题以及对中国石油股价下跌的分析。     

信息不对称、流动性与股权结构——基于深圳证券市场的实证研究

以金融市场微观结构视角对股权结构进行研究的趋势正在兴起,本文从金融市场微观结构层面考察了在信息不对称影响下股权结构与流动性的关系,通过对在深圳证券交易所上市的2004年和2007年的样本公司研究发现,股权结构变量在2004年主要作用于信息成本来影响流动性水平,而2007年则主要通过改变交易成本来影响流动性水平.股改前的2004年,直接控股股东持股对交易成本无显著影响,而在股改后的2007年则显著增加了交易成本.随着基金的发展壮大,基金持股对流动性的影响逐渐显现,并一定程度上导致交易成本的增加.代表股权集中度的大股东个数则同时增加了信息成本和交易成本,损害了流动性水平.     

渠道关系中的感知不公平研究——基于心理契约及不公平容忍区域的视角

营销渠道中的不公平对渠道关系极具破坏性。长期以来,文献多限于间接分析公平对渠道关系的影响,缺乏直接从不公平角度展开研究。对此,本文重点探讨渠道关系中的感知不公平。本文在显性契约、关系契约的基础上,引入了心理契约维度,重构了渠道关系及分析框架;指明心理契约与感知不公平存在相关性,前者可对后者进行衡量;界定并刻画了不公平容忍区域,讨论了不公平类型、角色定位对不公平容忍区域范围的影响。本文构建的分析框架提出了一个新视角,有助于打开"渠道成员行为发生"的"黑箱",对营销渠道不公平的深入研究大有裨益。     

浅谈信息不对称与中小企业融资

在我国,中小企业是国民经济的重要组成部分,在维护市场竞争活力、确保经济运行稳定、保障充分就业方面起着非常重要的作用。就目前来看,我国中小企业的发展在很多方面还存在困境。本文主要分析信息不对称对中小企业融资的影响并提出相应的解决措施。     

The Protective Action Decision Model: Theoretical Modifications and Additional Evidence

The Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) is a multistage model that is based on findings from research on people's responses to environmental hazards and disasters. The PADM integrates the processing of information derived from social and environmental cues with messages that social sources transmit through communication channels to those at risk. The PADM identifies three critical predecision processes (reception, attention, and comprehension of warnings or exposure, attention, and interpretation of environmental/social cues)—that precede all further processing. The revised model identifies three core perceptions—threat perceptions, protective action perceptions, and stakeholder perceptions—that form the basis for decisions about how to respond to an imminent or long‐term threat. The outcome of the protective action decision‐making process, together with situational facilitators and impediments, produces a behavioral response. In addition to describing the revised model and the research on which it is based, this article describes three applications (development of risk communication programs, evacuation modeling, and adoption of long‐term hazard adjustments) and identifies some of the research needed to address unresolved issues.     

企业战略管理:承诺、决策和行动

如果计划不如变化,企业是否需要制定战略？需要制定什么样的战略？以及如何有效管理战略？这是企业经营环境动态化给企业战略管理研究提出的严峻挑战.通过整合企业战略管理的理性学派与非理性学派的理论贡献,总结了动态条件下的企业战略决策包括了事前主动决策和事中反应性决策;有效的企业战略管理需要有机结合承诺坚定、决策科学和行动迅速.同时,提出有效回应上述挑战的方法应该是将企业战略决策的内容划分为战略承诺、战略决策和战略行动3个有机组成部分,以便企业战略管理者在阶段、对象及方法上进行战略决策和战略管理.     

Daily Variation in Natural Disaster Casualties: Information Flows,Safety, and Opportunity Costs in Tornado Versus Hurricane Strikes

Casualties from natural disasters may depend on the day of the week they strike. With data from the Spatial Hazard Events and Losses Database for the United States (SHELDUS), daily variation in hurricane and tornado casualties from 5,043 tornado and 2,455 hurricane time/place events is analyzed. Hurricane forecasts provide at‐risk populations with considerable lead time. Such lead time allows strategic behavior in choosing protective measures under hurricane threat; opportunity costs in terms of lost income are higher during weekdays than during weekends. On the other hand, the lead time provided by tornadoes is near zero; hence tornados generate no opportunity costs. Tornado casualties are related to risk information flows, which are higher during workdays than during leisure periods, and are related to sheltering‐in‐place opportunities, which are better in permanent buildings like businesses and schools. Consistent with theoretical expectations, random effects negative binomial regression results indicate that tornado events occurring on the workdays of Monday through Thursday are significantly less lethal than tornados that occur on weekends. In direct contrast, and also consistent with theory, the expected count of hurricane casualties increases significantly with weekday occurrences. The policy implications of observed daily variation in tornado and hurricane events are considered.     

基于监管、学习和声誉的联盟稳定性:实验研究

借鉴实验经济学的研究方法,研究了监管、学习和声誉机制对联盟成员机会主义行为的影响。实验用囚徒困境模型表示联盟成员间的合作竞争关系,通过控制监管力度,逐步引入学习机制和声誉机制来比较分析各机制的作用及关系。结果表明,监管越完善,越有利于控制机会主义行为,但其成本也越高;学习机制的引入,可以进一步减少机会主义行为,但联盟中的学习者也可借助信息优势,在监管严格时回避风险,在监管放松时采取机会主义行为获取短期超额收益;声誉机制的加入使得机会主义行为进一步减少,联盟企业借助信息优势获取超额收益的副作用也被消除。     

Morality and Nuclear Energy: Perceptions of Risks and Benefits,Personal Norms,and Willingness to Take Action Related to Nuclear Energy

We examined factors underlying people's willingness to take action in favor of or against nuclear energy from a moral perspective. We conducted a questionnaire study among a sample of the Dutch population (N = 123). As expected, perceptions of risks and benefits were related to personal norms (PN), that is, feelings of moral obligation toward taking action in favor of or against nuclear energy. In turn, PN predicted willingness to take action. Furthermore, PN mediated the relationships between perceptions of risk and benefits and willingness to take action. In line with our hypothesis, beliefs about the risks and benefits of nuclear energy were less powerful in explaining PN for supporters compared to PN of opponents. Also, beliefs on risks and benefits and PN explained significantly more variance in willingness to take action of opponents than of supporters. Our results suggest that a moral framework is useful to explain willingness to take action in favor of and against nuclear energy, and that people are more likely to protest in favor of or against nuclear energy when PN are strong.     

Resilience,Talk and Action: Exploring the Meanings of Resilience in the Context of Planning and Institutions

The meaning of the word resilience varies according to the social context. To enhance a dynamic understanding of resilience, the paper analyses its elusive character from a sensemaking perspective. Resilience is understood as a content of sensemaking processes in the context of a crisis. Four processes are explored in some detail using findings from a case study about dealing with an extreme flood event in a small town in Germany. These four processes are commitment to resilience, expecting resilience, arguing about resilience and resilience and manipulation. Implications for planning research and practice are thereby revealed.