产品召回供应链中线性保险合约与订货决策

考虑一个由单供应商和单制造商组成的二级供应链,在不确定市场需求情形下考虑产品召回,站在制造商角度研究供应链线性保险合约下的最优订货决策以及最优线性保险合约决策。研究表明,最优的订货决策与产品召回概率以及线性保险系数相关,存在唯一的最优订货量来最大化制造商的利润。对于密度函数倒数的导数较大的一般需求分布函数,最优的线性保险系数与线性保险合约的固定费用以及产品召回概率有关。当产品召回概率和线性保险合约的固定费用均较小时或者产品召回概率较大但线性保险合约的固定费用适中时,制造商通过选择线性保险合约可以改善自己的利润。     

基于不同补贴主体的新能源汽车制造商定价决策研究

基于政府目前对新能源汽车消费者及制造商实施补贴的现实背景，假设两家技术水平不等的新能源汽车制造商所生产的产品之间存在替代关系，将制造商产品之间的价格和质量差异纳入考虑范围，构建了新能源汽车制造商最优定价模型，求解了在不同补贴方式下的最优定价方式，并在均衡状态下对模型进行了数值模拟和分析。研究结果表明，在不同补贴方式下，制造商将根据市场竞争环境和补贴投入的变化情况采取不同的定价策略。政府针对消费者的补贴可以使技术水平相对落后的制造商获得更高利润，促使更多的制造商进入新能源汽车产业。对制造商的补贴可以使较高技术水平的制造商获得更高利润，从而促进新能源汽车产业的优胜劣汰。政府补贴主体应由消费者逐步转向制造商，通过政策引导制造商和消费者进一步增进其对新能源汽车质量的重视程度，推动新能源汽车产业的良性发展。     

基于数据挖掘技术的汽车改进与研制分析

本文以提高汽车品质为宗旨,提出了汽车制造商依托4S店采集数据的设想以及汽车数据库的构建模式,给出了汽车改进的类型,并提出了基于数据挖掘技术的汽车改进方案以及数据挖掘技术在汽车研制中的应用.     

偏向制造商多买方e-供应链的博弈及其影响因素分析

对单个制造商多个同质买方的供应链系统,市场需求为价格弹性不确定需求,假设买方之间进行Cournot博弈,并和制造商进行Slackelberg博弈,建立了偏向制造商的的e-供应链模型.发现在偏向制造商的e-供应链中,制造商和买方的竞争优势增强;买方的数目增加,对制造商有利而对买方不利;第三方信息平台的佣金率增加时,制造商的收益减少;买方能接受的佣金率随其数目的增加而变小;最后通过算例对所得到的结论进行了验证.     

联合促销下双渠道VMI供应链的竞争与协调

本文在双渠道VMI供应链中,假设制造商和零售商分别处于领导者和追随者的地位,考虑了制造商通过联合促销协调供应链上下游的策略以及双渠道需求之间的搭便车效应,以此为背景建立了制造商和零售商之间的Stackelberg博弈模型,并通过拉格朗日乘数法求解出了制造商的最优发货策略和零售商的最优定价与促销策略。研究发现制造商开辟网上渠道直销产品后,零售商缺货时间比例增大。进一步研究发现,制造商承担促销成本的比例,双渠道之间的搭便车效应对供应链成员的决策和利润有显著影响。另外,双渠道的需求越不稳定,则制造商开辟网上销售渠道后获利越高,同时零售商的利润越低。最后,通过算例验证了模型的有效性并对模型中主要参数进行了灵敏度分析。     

丰田被狙击的背后图谋

一纸广场协议,日本经济陷入了20年的衰退,至今没有恢复元气。25年后,日本最大的汽车制造商,也是成功超越通用成为全球第一大汽车制造商的丰田陷入召回门。据媒体统计,因踏板问题,丰田目前的召回数量已超过其去年718万辆的全球销量,为此将付出约135亿人民币的代价。     

基于合同理论的逆向供应链定价策略研究

利用合同理论的方法,借鉴类似回购合同的假设,研究"制造商-零售商"二级供应链中3种不同质量水平的产品回收最优定价问题,以最大化零售商、制造商和供应链的利润。该闭环供应链中只有一个制造商和零售商,零售商负责产品的回收。从分析可知,通过调整参数值,在回收率确定或随机的情况下供应链都可以达到协调,也都可以找到最优订货量和回收价格。研究发现,零售商的最优价格与最优订货量紧密相关,制造商的回收价格并不影响供应链的总体利润。     

浅谈汽车4S店的成本控制

<正>近几年来,随着社会经济的飞速发展,汽车4S店如雨后春笋在我国蓬勃增长。4S店是集汽车销售、维修、配件和信息服务为一体的销售店。包括整车销售(Sale)、零配件(Sparepart)、售后服务(Service)、信息反馈(Survey)等。它拥有统一的外观形象,统一的标识,统一的管理标准,只经营单一的品牌的特点。汽车4S店是一种个性突出的有形市场,具有渠道一致性和统一性的文化理念,4S店在提升汽车品牌、汽车     

基于约束理论的汽车4S店维修服务系统动态调度

在分析描述汽车4S店维修服务系统与制造系统调度问题异同的基础上,将汽车4S店维修服务系统调度问题设计为以最小化客户等待时间为目标,存在明显瓶颈环节的动态FJSP问题。接着,运用约束理论分解简化该复杂系统的调度问题,设置缓冲区,构建缓冲区管理机制,实现瓶颈和非瓶颈资源调度方案间的协调,并结合瓶颈和非瓶颈资源的特性设计再调度策略,实现问题的动态调度。最后,通过实例验证了方法的可行性和有效性。     

对中等职业汽修专业教学的几点建议

随着我国汽车工业的迅速发展和人民生活水平日益提高，汽车已逐渐走进广大群众的日常生活中，成为人们不可缺少的一部分，随之而来的汽车保养、维护、及维修也带动了汽车服务行业的发展，4S店的大量增多，导致了汽车驾驶与维修专业人才大热同时也严重缺口的局面。为更好的服务社会，抓住机遇，开设汽车维修专业的各中等职业学校，应深化教学改革，提高办学质量，培养高素质、高技能的汽车维护与修理的中等专业技术人才，才是符合我国国情的职业教育。     

Motor vehicle recalls: Trends,patterns and emerging issues

This paper examines patterns and trends in motor vehicle safety recalls using a dataset based on 23.1 million vehicles registered in the UK between 1992 and 2002. A safety recall occurs when vehicle manufacturers call vehicles that have been sold and are in use back to their dealerships for safety-related remedial work. Safety recalls can be a strategic concern for car makers, having the potential to damage brand value, reduce stock price as well as resulting in significant direct costs. The data from this study show that the incidence of vehicle recalls is increasing—between 1998 and 2002 there was an average of over 120 recall incidents per annum in the UK, compared to less than 50 per annum between 1992 and 1994. Total numbers of vehicles recalled show no clear trend over time, but the absolute level of recalls year on year is very high: in the UK, 10.8 million vehicles were recalled during 1992–2002, representing 47% of all vehicle UK registrations in the period. Moreover, there are substantial differences in recall rates between different car manufacturers, suggesting that recall rates may be a useful indicator of process performance in the automotive design-and-production value chain. European and American producers have recall rates that are nearly three times greater than their East Asian counterparts. This paper concludes with some ideas that may explain these patterns and suggests an agenda for further research.     

PLANNING AND SCHEDULING THE REPAIR SHOPS OF THE DEUTSCHE LUFTHANSA AG: A HIERARCHICAL APPROACH

To plan and schedule the repair shops for recoverable parts at Deutsche Lufthansa AC, we designed a hierarchical model consisting of two levels. The top level calculates the optimal number of parts in the system to guarantee a certain service level while minimizing the capital tied up in parts. Given this provision, the lower level schedules the repair of parts so that the service level is actually maintained. Using queuing theory, the solution gives special attention to the different hierarchical dependencies. Lufthansa has implemented the model for its repair shops of electronic parts. Their experience with the model is discussed briefly.     

两级供应链上质量控制的动态协调机制研究

文章应用微分博弈的方法研究了由单一制造商和单一供应商组成的两级供应链上的质量控制的协调问题.首先讨论了制造商作为供应链上质量控制的领导者而供应商作为跟随者的Stackelberg博弈情形,得到了一般的非协同质量控制博弈情形下制造商和供应商的最优行动选择;接着探讨了双方在协同质量控制博弈情形下的最优行动选择;通过对比两种情形下的博弈均衡结果,阐明了在两级供应链上的质量管理过程中,协同质量控制博弈结构严格优于一般的非协同质量控制博弈结构.     

The lean improvement of the chemical emissions of motor vehicles based on preference ranking: A PROMETHEE uncertainty analysis

The motor vehicle has provided mobility and individual freedom for millions of people. However, vehicles embody the dilemma of contemporary industrialisation in that the environmental costs of automobility are equally large. This non-country specific study undertakes a PROMETHEE-based preference ranking of a small set of motor vehicles based on constituents of their exhaust emissions. As a model of an interested party's preference ranking of the motor vehicles, the subsequent uncertainty (sensitivity) analysis considered here, relates to what minimal (lean) changes would be necessary to a vehicle's emissions so that their preference ranking is improved. For a particular manufacturer, it can identify the necessary engineering performance modifications to be made to improve their perceived consumer based ranking. This is compounded by a further consideration of different levels of importance conferred on the criteria (vehicle emissions) and analogous analyses undertaken. The visual elucidation of the results rankings and changes to criteria values, offers a clear presentation of the findings to the interested parties.     

Pricing of Full‐Service Repair Contracts with Learning,Optimized Maintenance,and Information Asymmetry

This article considers the optimal pricing of full‐service (FS) repair contracts by taking into account learning and maintenance efficiency effects, competition from service , and asymmetric information. We analyze on‐call service (OS) and FS contracts in a market where customers exhibit heterogeneous risk aversion. While the customers minimize their disutility over the equipment lifetime, the service provider maximizes expected profits arising from the portfolio of OS and FS contracts. We show that the optimal FS price depends inter alia on the customer's prior cost experience and on OS repair and maintenance costs. The optimal FS price is shown to increase as fewer OS customers are lost to competition, whereas improved repair learning enabled by FS reduces the optimal price. A numerical study based on data from a manufacturer of forklifts highlights the importance of learning in maintenance operations, which constitutes the key benefit of FS contracts; 81% of the customers select the FS option and are willing to pay an insurance premium of around 1.5% of total OS cost against volatility of repair costs.     

Inspection of an unreliable flexible manufacturing system: with repairable parts and non-negligible inspection times

The purpose of this paper is to address the problem of quality control and repair in an FMS which is described by an open queuing network. We consider two cases: first, all detected defective parts are directed to a special repair facility; second, a defective part is repaired within the machine group where it is detected. Using numerical analyses, we provide some managerial insights regarding the role, position, and distribution of the inspection effort in an FMS, and draw some inferences regarding the design of such FMS when both quality and quantity issues in the FMS are considered.     

Sourcing Decisions with Competitive Suppliers and Imperfect Information

Manufacturers often must choose between outsourcing and producing internally. This choice is complex and influenced by a variety of factors, including the costs and capabilities of the potential suppliers. In addition, if the manufacturer outsources, he must design the sourcing process. We study the manufacturer's outsourcing decision, with a focus on the impact of the sourcing process on that decision. We consider a setting in which the manufacturer has imperfect information regarding the suppliers' costs and capabilities, and we assume that the manufacturer uses a two‐stage sourcing process. The first stage is the qualification stage, in which the manufacturer seeks to reduce the uncertainty regarding the suppliers' capabilities. The second stage is the supplier selection stage, in which the manufacturer selects among the qualified suppliers on the basis of price. We first characterize the optimal design of the two‐stage process, and then consider the outsourcing decision. We demonstrate several trade‐offs. Vertical integration enables the manufacturer to reduce uncertainty and extract all of the profits of production. However, outsourcing enables the manufacturer to take advantage of the (potentially) lower costs and higher capabilities of the suppliers, particularly if competition between suppliers can be encouraged. We find that the manufacturer is more likely to vertically integrate when the warranty cost and the cost of exerting effort during qualification are large, and when there is significant uncertainty regarding the suppliers' capabilities. The manufacturer is more likely to outsource when the suppliers' costs (capabilities) are low (high), and when the number of suppliers is large.     

Designing optimal routing strategies for a manufacturer: A case study

A study of the vehicle transportation system for a manufacturer is presented. An algorithm based on a dynamic programming model is developed so as to find the optimal transportation arrangements referring to the composition of the vehicles as well as the routing of these vehicles. The algorithm is run under the current condition as well as under a number of different scenarios. It is shown the algorithm can solve the problem with reduced computational complexity. The findings and suggestions resulting from the study can help the department manager in reviewing current operations arrangement and determining future operations arrangements.     

Quality Management in Multi‐Level Supply Chains with Outsourced Manufacturing

Outsourcing stretches supply chains longer with added contract manufacturers responsible for the manufacturing of parts and final products. Should a firm change its quality management approach as its supply chain becomes longer with outsourced manufacturing? This paper studies a brand owner's optimal choice between two commonly used quality management approaches: an inspection‐based approach and an external failure‐based approach, in two supply chains – a dyadic supply chain and a multi‐level supply chain where the brand owner outsources manufacturing to an independent contract manufacturer. Our study finds that the brand owner's optimal choice between the two quality management approaches could be opposite in the two supply chains. Specifically, we show that if agency costs exist between the contract manufacturer and the brand owner, the brand owner may prefer an inspection‐based approach in the multi‐level supply chain in contrast to preferring an external failure‐based approach in the dyadic supply chain. In particular, inspections can be effective for the brand owner to limit the manufacturer's profit by excluding defective finished products and components, which in turn reduce agency costs in the multi‐level supply chain. Hence, the efficiency of an inspection‐based approach relative to an external failure‐based approach can be higher in the multi‐level supply chain as compared to the dyadic one. Our findings suggest that firms should adjust to changes in supply chain structures and re‐evaluate the efficiencies of different quality management approaches accordingly.