时间压力与创造性人格对员工创造性绩效影响的情景模拟实验研究

在自我决定理论框架下,采用情景模拟实验的方法,以300名大学生为被试,研究了时间压力对企业员工创造性绩效的影响,并检验了创造性人格与时间压力对创造性绩效的交互作用。研究显示,中等创造性人格的个体在信息性时间压力下心理需要满足、创造性绩效显著地高于控制性时间压力下的个体,并得到时间压力性质通过促进个体的心理需要满足,从而促进个体创造性绩效的中介模型;同时,创造性人格和时间压力强度之间存在交互作用,高时间压力下高创造性人格个体的创造性绩效显著地高于其他个体,并发现高创造性人格个体对时间压力强度的感知显著地低于低创造性人格的个体。研究结果对时间压力管理与促进员工创造性绩效具有指导意义。     

企业新员工工作压力与工作绩效的关系研究

本研究通过对187位企业新员工工作压力与工作绩效的调查研究发现:(1)组织管理氛围压力、职业生涯发展规律与工作本身压力是企业新员工感受到的最主要的压力;(2)企业新员工工作压力在企业性质上存在显著性差异;(3)企业新员工工作压力和工作绩效间存在显著的正相关关系,并对企业管理提出了相应的建议。     

辱虐管理对员工人际偏差行为的影响及其作用机制研究

以一家大型制造企业的229名员工为样本,从"压力源-紧张状态-后果"的视角,基于社会交换理论,研究辱虐管理对员工人际偏差行为的影响,并进一步分析了工作压力与自我控制能力在以上关系中所起的中介和调节作用。研究发现,辱虐管理作为员工工作生活中的压力源之一,对工作压力有显著的正向影响,进而导致员工产生人际偏差行为;员工自我控制能力可以调节工作压力与人际偏差行为之间的关系,较高的自控水平不仅可以削弱工作压力对人际偏差行为的正向影响,还可以弱化工作压力在辱虐管理与人际偏差行为之间所起的中介效应。     

工作不安全感与情绪耗竭:情绪劳动的中介作用

工作不安全感作为组织变革过程中产生的重要压力源,不仅引发员工对工作持续性和稳定性的担忧,同时导致员工诸多心理健康问题.研究工作不安全感对员工工作态度和行为的作用机制,基于资源保存理论和压力源-压力框架,构建情绪劳动为中介的工作不安全感对情绪耗竭影响和作用机制模型,从资源角度阐述认知性工作不安全感和情感性工作不安全感如何通过情绪劳动引发情绪耗竭,运用层次回归分析、相关分析等统计方法对10家企业的197份样本数据进行模型检验.研究结果表明,认知性工作不安全感和情感性工作不安全感对情绪耗竭均有正向影响,工作不安全感通过表层扮演和深层扮演两种情绪劳动的方式消耗心理努力以导致情绪耗竭.因此,组织不仅可以通过调岗等人事管理方法增加个人组织匹配,还可以通过心理辅导等培训活动改变员工的工作态度,采取积极的方式缓解工作不安全感对情绪耗竭的负面影响.     

不可抗力危机压力源及员工压力舒解

不可抗力危机是员工的压力源之一,与企业并购、内部经营等问题所引起的压力源不同,不可抗力危机具有不可预见性和不可避免性。不可抗力危机以直接影响员工所在环境的方式和间接影响企业经营的方式,增加员工的压力。探讨不可抗力危机对员工压力的作用机制、企业危机处理机制以及员工压力舒解的对策具有重要的理论价值和社会现实意义。     

挑战-阻碍性压力源与工作投入和满意度的关系

工作压力一直受到实践者和研究者关注,是组织行为和人力资源管理等学科研究的重要问题.以中国企业员工为样本,采用探索性和验证性因子分析法对挑战性压力源和阻碍性压力源的二维结构观点进行检验,运用层级回归分析方法分析这两类压力源与员工工作投入和整体工作满意度的关系.研究结果表明,压力源的二维结构同样适合于中国企业员工样本,并不是所有的压力源都会带来消极影响,挑战性压力源与员工的工作投入和整体工作满意度显著正相关,而阻碍性压力源与员工工作投入和整体满意度显著负相关.最后对研究结果和未来研究方向进行讨论和说明,该结果不仅在一定程度上丰富了压力管理研究内容,也为企业的管理实践提供指导思想.     

组织气候对员工工作投入及组织承诺的影响作用研究

组织气候被认为是介于组织系统与员工行为之间的桥梁,成为组织管理理论研究中的一个热点.分析了中国企业组织气候各个维度对员工的组织承诺和工投入的影响作用以及企业性质的不同导致员工对组织气候感知的差异.研究发现,组织气候中管理风格维度对员工的价值承诺有影响,组织科层性、人际关系和管理风格三个维度都对员工的留职承诺有影响,人际关系维度对员工的努力承诺有影响,管理风格和人际关系两个维度对员工的工作投入有影响;另外,不同企业性质的组织气候各维度均值之间差异没有显著性,员工的工作投入和价值承诺的差异有显著性.根据研究结果为中国企业管理者改善组织气候、提升员工的工作投入和组织承诺提出了切实可行的建议.     

认知评价视角下工作压力对员工幸福感的影响机制研究——工作反刍和特质正念的作用

本研究以压力认知交互理论与持续性认知理论为基础,引入工作反刍(问题解决沉思和情感反刍)与特质正念作为中间变量,基于385份纵向问卷的结构方程建模结果,得到如下结论：(1)员工对工作压力源同时产生挑战、阻断和威胁性评价。挑战性压力源主要引发挑战性评价,而阻断性压力源主要诱发威胁性评价。(2)挑战性评价引发了员工在非工作时间的问题解决沉思,阻断和威胁性评价则诱发情感反刍。“压力源→认知评价→持续性认知→幸福感”的链式中介关系成立。(3)特质正念强化了员工对挑战性压力源的积极评价,减弱他们对该类压力源的负面评价,但员工对阻断性压力源的初步认知评价不受正念影响。(4)特质正念加快将员工对压力源的积极初步认知转化为积极持续认知,同时减缓他们对压力源的负面认知转化为负面持续性认知,最终有利于提高他们的幸福感。研究揭示了压力对幸福感的复杂作用机制,为管理者制定针对性的压力干预措施提供了启发。     

高压力工作情境下伦理型领导提升员工工作绩效和满意感的过程机制研究

本研究基于资源保存理论,旨在探讨高压力工作情境下,伦理型领导影响员工工作绩效和满意感的过程机制。研究采用两轮问卷调查的方式,以来自40个媒体节目团队的152名媒体从业人员作为研究对象。研究结果显示:(1)伦理型领导能够显著减少员工的挑战性和阻断性压力源;(2)挑战性和阻断性压力源对伦理型领导与心理授权、压力感知、公正感知间关系起到显著的中介效应;(3)心理授权、压力感知和公正感知对挑战性和阻断性压力源与员工工作绩效和满意度间关系起到显著的中介效应。文章最后讨论了本研究的理论意义和实践启示。     

董事会治理评价、治理指数与公司绩效实证研究

在优化中国上市公司董事会治理评价指标体系的基础上,对上市公司董事会治理状况进行指数化评价,并对董事会治理评价指数及其与公司绩效的关系进行实证分析.实证结果显示,董事会治理质量趋于改善,独立性有所增强,但整体治理指数仍然较低;行业因素、控股股东性质对董事会治理产生重要影响,即行业的竞争性越强董事会治理质量越高,当控股股东为职工持股会和民营企业时董事会治理指数较高;不同董事会治理机制间存在替代效应,董事会治理水平的提高对公司绩效产生显著的正向效应,由于替代效应的存在,单一董事会治理机制与公司绩效间的关系缺乏显著性和一致性,但作为一个整体,董事会治理质量的改善显著地提高公司绩效.据此提出改善中国上市公司董事会治理的政策建议.     

Changing work environments: Innovative coping responses to occupational stress

To what degree do individuals adapt their work environments in response to occupational stress? The research reported below addresses this question through a qualitative questionnaire survey that assesses the extent to which innovation is used as a stress coping strategy amongst health care professionals (community and hospital nurses, administration workers and paramedics; N = 333). Overall, 32% of these workers reported a coping response subsequently coded as innovative, and significant between-occupational group differences in the frequency of usage were found. Overwork, procedural difficulties and dealing with others were the stressors eliciting the greatest number of innovative coping responses. The study indicated that such responses were perceived as an effective and important way of dealing with occupational stress. It is concluded that stress management programmes that encourage individuals to change workplace factors through innovation, would be a worthwhile addition to interventions that emphasize individual adaptation to stressful work environments.     

The stressor–strain relationship in diary studies: A meta-analysis of the within and between levels

Daily diary studies use the same set of measures repeatedly for several days. Within the work stress domain, these studies are able to isolate the effects of daily exposure to stressors within people from the general level of stressors between people. This meta-analysis investigated both content-related and methodological aspects of workplace stressor–strain relationships in diary studies. Results from 55 unique samples (a combined sample size of 5409) indicated that the magnitude of the stressor–strain relationship was stronger at the between-person level than the within-person level. Further, when the stressor was measured prior to the strain (within the same day), the relationship was somewhat stronger than when stressor and strain were measured concurrently. This suggests that stressor–strain effects might take some time to fully manifest. Differences were also detected among types of strains: affective strains had stronger relationship with stressors than behavioural strains. There were also differences in the stressor–strain relationship depending on both the type of strain and the timing of their respective measurement (concurrent versus predictive), suggesting that certain strain responses require more time to manifest. Overall, this meta-analysis elucidates important considerations in the design and interpretation of diary studies on occupational stress.     

Job stress, social support and health amongst shrimp fishermen

Samples of shrimp fishermen (n = 211) and land-based workers (n = 99) drawn from a US Gulf Coast community are compared with regard to their degree of exposure to occupational stressors, level of social support, and extent of non-clinical depression and somatization. As hypothesized, shrimp fishermen report significantly greater levels of stressor exposure, support, depression and somatization at the zero-order level. At the multivariate level, with several covariates controlled, shrimpers report greater levels of stressor exposure, support and somatization. A model of the stress process which hypothesizes positive effects of stressors, and direct and indirect negative effects of social support on distress, is evaluated for each group. Occupational stressors predict as hypothesized, but social support does not. An explanation is offered which emphasizes the migratory character of shrimping as an occupation.     

Psychosocial factors and safety behaviour as predictors of accidental work injuries in farming

Farming is one of the most hazardous occupations in terms of the incidence and seriousness of accidental injuries. Research with other occupational groups has drawn attention to the role of psychosocial factors and stress. Such research needs to be extended to agriculture. Since stress may be a problem faced by farmers, there is a particular need to investigate the associations between farm accidents and work stressors and stress reactions. Using multivariate logistic regression analyses, this study aimed to uncover the best psychosocial predictors of injury, while controlling for exposure-related confounders. From a randomly selected sample of 794 farms, 10% of all farms in Ringkoebing County, Denmark, 393 farmers completed completed weekly accident registration over 12 months. The study sample consisted of 310 farmers who also completed questionnaires on psychosocial factors. Results indicated that farm stressors (including perceived economic problems), stress symptoms, and safety behaviour were predictors of occupational farm accidents. Higher levels of stressors and stress symptoms and poor safety behaviour were all associated with an elevated risk of injury. In the case of stress symptoms, the relation with accidents occurred via an interaction with safety behaviour. The combination of high levels of stress symptoms and poor safety behaviour was associated with a particularly high accident risk.     

Job stress,social support and health amongst shrimp fishermen

Abstract

Samples of shrimp fishermen (n = 211) and land-based workers (n = 99) drawn from a US Gulf Coast community are compared with regard to their degree of exposure to occupational stressors, level of social support, and extent of non-clinical depression and somatization. As hypothesized, shrimp fishermen report significantly greater levels of stressor exposure, support, depression and somatization at the zero-order level. At the multivariate level, with several covariates controlled, shrimpers report greater levels of stressor exposure, support and somatization. A model of the stress process which hypothesizes positive effects of stressors, and direct and indirect negative effects of social support on distress, is evaluated for each group. Occupational stressors predict as hypothesized, but social support does not. An explanation is offered which emphasizes the migratory character of shrimping as an occupation.     

Examining the effects of negative affectivity on self- and supervisor ratings of job stressors: the role of stressor observability

In this study, we investigated job stressor ratings through Lazarus' transactional stress theory and the usefulness of supervisor ratings as an alternative to employee self-reports. Based on the finding that negative affectivity (NA) causes incumbents to over-report job stressors, we hypothesized that supervisors may also be affected by their NA when appraising an incumbent's job stressors. Building upon the literatures on judgement processes and social-cognitive information processing, we further hypothesized that stressor observability is an important boundary condition. Specifically, we hypothesized that the impact of NA on both self- and supervisor-reported job stressors should increase as stressor observability decreases. Moreover, we hypothesized that incumbent and supervisor ratings would converge less as stressor observability decreases. Data from 260 incumbent-supervisor dyads showed that stressor observability reduced the impact of supervisor NA on supervisor ratings (but not the impact of incumbent NA on incumbent stressor ratings). Further, as hypothesized, incumbent and supervisor ratings showed less convergence the less observable the stressor was. The results highlight the importance of personal and situational factors in the stressor appraisal process – an issue that advances both research and practice in the field of stressor ratings.     

Psychosocial factors and safety behaviour as predictors of accidental work injuries in farming

Abstract

Farming is one of the most hazardous occupations in terms of the incidence and seriousness of accidental injuries. Research with other occupational groups has drawn attention to the role of psychosocial factors and stress. Such research needs to be extended to agriculture. Since stress may be a problem faced by farmers, there is a particular need to investigate the associations between farm accidents and work stressors and stress reactions. Using multivariate logistic regression analyses, this study aimed to uncover the best psychosocial predictors of injury, while controlling for exposure-related confounders. From a randomly selected sample of 794 farms, 10% of all farms in Ringkoebing County, Denmark, 393 farmers completed completed weekly accident registration over 12 months. The study sample consisted of 310 farmers who also completed questionnaires on psychosocial factors. Results indicated that farm stressors (including perceived economic problems), stress symptoms, and safety behaviour were predictors of occupational farm accidents. Higher levels of stressors and stress symptoms and poor safety behaviour were all associated with an elevated risk of injury. In the case of stress symptoms, the relation with accidents occurred via an interaction with safety behaviour. The combination of high levels of stress symptoms and poor safety behaviour was associated with a particularly high accident risk.     

Perceptions of work stress in Australian firefighters

This study surveyed 747 firefighters on their perceptions of work stress. The current emphasis in the fire brigades is on the management of traumatic or critical incident stress, but other work stressors may also be important. The firefighters rated their jobs as more stressful than other occupations, and psychological work stress as highest among a set of potential sources and types of stress. Although many factors were mentioned, the most frequently indicated stressors were associated with exposure to traumatic incidents such as major accidents or the suffering of others. Those who had previous experience with stress were more likely to rate current and future risk of stress as higher. Knowledge of existing organizational approaches to stress management was limited. The firefighters rated individual and informal sessions for dealing with stress as potentially more useful than the formal debriefing sessions now common in many emergency organizatins. Those who had previous experience with stress, however, were more likely to favour a formal organizational approach.     

Job stress in managers, professionals, and clerical workers

The intensity and frequency of occurrence of 30 job stressors as measured by the job stress survey (JSS) were examined in white-collar employees of a large manufacturing firm, consisting of 68 managers, 171 professional (mostly engineers), and 69 clerical personnel. The highest levels of stress intensity were attributed to 'lack of opportunity for advancement' and 'poor or inadequate supervision'. Individual stressors rated as occurring most often during the past six months were 'frequent interruptions', 'meeting deadlines', and 'dealing with crisis situations'. Factor analyses of the ratings of individual job stressors identified two job-stress factors, job pressure and lack of support, which were differentially related to age, gender, occupational level, locus of control, and job tenure and satisfaction. All three occupational groups attributed greater intensity to stressors that reflected lack of organizational support than to job pressures. Managers reported experiencing job pressures more often than professionals/engineers, but attributed less stress intensity to these pressures. 'Lack of opportunity for advancement' and 'inadequate salary' were the most salient stressors for the clerical workers. Implications of the findings for the design of stress management and organizational change programmes were discussed.     

Information systems and occupational stress: a theoretical framework

The information systems (IS) profession is a stressful profession. However, there is little theoretical or empirical research on the effects of occupational stress on IS professionals. A major reason is because IS professionals and researchers are unaware of the consequences of occupational stress and unfamiliar with the occupational stress literature. The purpose of this paper is to propose a theoretical framework of occupational stress for IS professionals. Based on a review of the IS, psychology, and general management literature, 12 occupational stress models are identified. These stress models are analyzed along the two dimensions of focus and theoretical foundation. The analysis shows that most of the occupational stress models consider stress to be the consequence of the interaction between an environmental stimulus and the idiosyncratic response of the individual. Further analysis of these models suggests that nine key points are critical in developing a theoretical framework of occupational stress for IS professionals. A mapping of how the existing stress models incorporate the nine key points is also presented. The findings of this paper can provide a theoretical basis for further research on the occupational stress of IS professionals. Finally, an agenda for further research into this issue is presented.