选举民主与族群冲突:断裂型多族群国家的民主化困局

断裂型多族群国家在自上而下推行选举民主后,形成了事实上的族群性政党竞争制,这种制度不但没有促进政治稳定和国家整合,反而放大了族裔差异的政治化程度,加剧了族群冲突。本文分析了断裂型多族群国家民主化转型加剧族群冲突与族群暴力的制度原因和基本机制。在这些国家,只有政治精英达成共识,共同致力于推进国家构建和社会整合,使国家的社会形态从断裂型多族群社会转变到中度分化型社会,并朝低度多样性社会发展,从根本上改变断裂的族群结构形态,才具有实行民主的社会条件。     

族群依赖与冲突的共生模式——客家族群生存策略研究系列之三

宗族是广东客家应付环境的第一种有效组织形式 ,这个形式没有完结 ,村落是第二种有效组织形式 ;族群认同的实质为族群边界 ,共同的语言、共同的心理意识 (对客家人的起源、习俗、信仰的相同看法 )、共同的体质特征使客家人不容易丧失自己的文化边界 ;客家与其他族群、客家族群内部既有冲突 ,也有融合。冲突具有双重功能 ,它使客家人清晰地认识到己方与他方的族群边界 ,展现出客家的生存能力 ,融合则使他们以模糊族群边界的代价吸收外族群的先进文化发展了自己     

冷战后时代的族群冲突:国内原因与国际挑战

冷战后时代族群冲突复振现象引起学术界关注,理论解释众多。两极霸权结束以后留下的政治真空,为历史的民族主义解读重开窗口。跨境族群问题可能引发民族统一主义意识形态国家与反民族统一主义意识形态的国家之间的冲突,并对一国族群关系和国家统一带来严重影响。在一个动荡和脆弱的多元社会,每个群体都感到自己的安全受到威胁,并对未来产生集体恐惧,从而潜伏着暴力冲突。不安全和社会对立所引发的恐惧,为族群精英进行族群内部操控提供了基础。后冷战时期族群冲突的复振也对当下国际准则框架提出了挑战。     

论族群与族群关系

有关族群和族群性的概念多种多样。族群与民族均来源于西方,但它们之间是有区分的。在对族群的研究中,族群认同被视为一个主要的内容,族群认同总是通过一系列的文化要素表现出来,文化是维持族群边界的基础。关于族群关系的讨论有许多不同的理论同化理论、文化多元理论、生物学的理论、人文 生态理论、权力和分层理论及整合的族群关系理论等。     

族群的名称与族群研究

本文从分析族群的名称入手 ,揭示了族群的名称与族群认同的关系以及族群名称的使用所反映的族群与族群之间和族群与国家之间的关系。     

外部势力干预下的阿富汗族群冲突特点及影响

族群问题是影响阿富汗内政的关键因素。阿富汗族群冲突因外部势力干预而起。自杜兰尼王朝以来,在外部势力干预下,阿富汗族群关系逐渐恶化,族群成为外部势力干预阿富汗内政的主要工具,同时阿富汗族群问题导致赞助政治迅速发展,并逐渐伊斯兰化。在内部纷争和外部介入下,阿富汗族群冲突引发了阿富汗国内以及周边地区一系列安全问题,并扩散至全球范围,为阿富汗及其周边地区安全局势带来深远影响。美国撤军后,阿富汗族群冲突的和解仍将面临内部权力纷争和国族认同缺失、外部势力干预和国际恐怖主义上扬等多重挑战。     

族群理论与中国的族群研究

族群是当代社会科学研究的一个重要主题,文章评述了西方族群理论的发展历程及中国族群研究的状况,分析了族群理论应用于中国实际的必要性与可行性,并针对当前我国族群研究中存在的问题提出了初步的看法。     

论客家族群与近代基督教的互动关系

客家族群是一个特殊的社会群体 ,在由中原迁徙南方、港台和海外的过程中 ,历史培育了客家人朴实、勤劳和善良的民族性格。由于历史原因 ,客家人与土著居民曾发生过误解 ,甚至冲突。1 9世纪中叶以后 ,基督教新教大举传入中国 ,恪守中国优秀文化传统的客家族群 ,对中国文化与基督教的冲突做出了独特回应 ,引起了基督教传教士的高度重视 ,促进了客家文化与基督教文化的互动与整合 ,提高了客家人的民族精神 ,并锤炼了它的一批重要精英。     

Kirkuk conflict in its ethnic/political media: the Turkmen newspaper Alqal'a as a model

This article explores the Kirkuk conflict through the Turkmens’ newspaper Alqal'a. Using agenda-setting and framing/priming for theoretical background and qualitative content analysis as a method, two macro-themes, related to the conflict, are found to be fundamental therein. These two main themes are: (1) exclusion and (2) self-confirmation. The two macro-themes overarch several micro- or sub-themes and are closely related to each other. They are set to inform the readers about what to think and how to think about the conflict. While ‘exclusion’ constitutes the cause, ‘self-confirmation’ is the latter's effect.     

族群理论及其在我国应用的反思

族群研究是当前我国社会科学研究的一个热点,既取得了很大的进展,也凸显出一些深层次的问题.这些问题既妨碍了学术研究的"求真",也妨害了我国民族问题的"善治".本文对族群理论的缺失以及我国族群研究中存在的问题作了初步的探讨.     

《乌苏里船歌》案与少数民族文化权利保障研究

《乌苏里船歌》案是我国第一起少数民族文化权利纠纷方面的司法案例,该案例争论的赫哲族文化权利的主体《乌苏里船歌》是作曲还是编曲等几个焦点问题凸显了少数民族文化权利保障的必要性和迫切性,同时保障少数民族文化权利是"以人为本"原则的体现,发展理念的演变也使少数民族文化权利保障成为和谐社会的重要内涵。     

再论"族群"概念与解决民族内部矛盾的路径

自从族群概念在20世纪60年代引入中国以来,族群与民族、族群意识与民族意识已经成为民族研究的主题。在本文中,笔者尝试着再次对“民族”与“族群”概念、民族意识与族群意识进行了回顾与分析;接着对美国和我国所采取的族群政策的变化进行了一番仔细比较分析;对解决族群矛盾提出了一些建议,认为只有淡化“族群意识”,加强各族群之间的文化认同,遵循族群发展的自主性和客观规律才能较好地解决我国的族群问题,维护社会稳定。     

民族区域自治的丰硕成果--新疆少数民族教育事业的发展

民族区域自治是中国共产党运用马克思列宁主义民族理论,结合中国实际情况解决中国民族问题的基本政策,也是国家的一项基本政治制度。民族区域自治的核心是民族自治权,它体现了各民族一律平等的原则和尊重各少数民族人民自主管理本民族内部事物的权利。新疆民族教育事业的发展和取得的巨大成就,就是党的民族区域自治制度在新疆实践的丰硕成果。     

Concepts of national identity and the readiness for conflict behaviour

This article examines the process of national identity formation among ethnic minorities in the Crimea – specifically, the moderation effects of concepts of national identity on interrelations between conflict indicators and readiness for conflict or compromise for two ethnic minorities in Crimea. Based on a survey in the Crimea, results show that concepts of national identity moderate the effects of ethnic identity, ethnocentrism and economic deprivation on individual conflict behaviour. Research show that civic concept of national identity significantly reduces readiness for conflict among ethnic minorities. The position of a minority within the nation regulates impact of ethnic and multicultural concepts on readiness to fight with other groups.     

冷战后世界族际冲突的特点、原因及其消除

冷战后,族际冲突已成为世界冲突的主要形式,并且表现出新的特点:主体的多样化;范围的全球化;以极端民族主义为核心,宗教极端思潮为纽带,恐怖活动为手段。它的兴起,可以从冷战结束的效应、国家生存能力的增强、政府的政策、外部介入、政治和经济资源享有的不均衡、文化冲突等几个方面寻找原因。在新的世纪,国际社会必须高度重视解决民族问题,努力消除族际冲突。     

Ethnic inequality,cultural distance,and social integration: evidence from a native-settler conflict in the Philippines

A key debate in studies of native-migrant relations relates to the barriers to integration created by ethno-cultural differences and socio-economic disadvantage. How do changes in socio-economic inequality between ethnic groups affect interethnic ties in a divided society? I investigate this question by analysing the effect of ethnic inequality on the evolution of cross-ethnic marriages in a society fractured by conflict between natives and settlers. I find the effect is contingent on the ethnic group. Certain groups intermarry more in response to reductions in socio-economic disadvantage; others, however, remain indifferent. I suggest the difference relates to cultural distance. Specifically, I point to differences between groups in the power of the norms and sanctions regulating members’ social interactions outside of the group. These ‘closure’ norms interpose an ethno-cultural distance. I establish these findings with field interviews and census data on over six million marriages in Mindanao, an ethnically diverse region in the southern Philippines and location of an insurgency waged by rebels, drawn from the native Muslim Moro population, resentful of the influx of Christian settlers. I find Moro intermarriage unresponsive to socio-economic equalisation and suggest the strength of their ethno-cultural norms, derived from their ethno-religious identification, accounts for their distinctive response.     

壮傣、侗水群体分化年代考

操壮侗语族壮傣语支语言的壮、布依、傣、泰、佬等族以及操侗水语支语言的侗、水、仫佬、毛南等族,同源异流,都源于上古分布于我国南方的越人。操壮傣语支语言的群体与操侗水语支语言群体的分化,可能是在原始母权制氏族社会晚期。     

Nationalism versus civilisations: an assessment of alternate theories on the future of ethnic identity and conflict

The end of the Cold War has caused a reassessment of the future basis for conflict and identity. While Samuel Huntington predicts that super-national ‘civilisations’ are becoming the basis for identity and conflict, many dispute this arguing that either past ethnic and national bases for identity and conflict will remain the norm or that world integration and interdependence will cause the world to unite. This article examines an aspect of this debate using data on ethnic conflict from the Minorities at Risk data set, as well as data collected independently. Specifically, it assesses whether post-Cold War ethnic conflict, and by inference ethnic identity, is more influenced by civilisational or ethnic variables. The analysis shows that separatism, a nationalist variable, is considerably more strongly associated with ethnic rebellion than are civilisational differences. Furthermore, in the multi-variate analysis civilisational differences are, if anything, associated with less ethnic rebellion. Also, separatism and various political variables more strongly influence ethnic rebellion than do civilisational differences. Thus, this study strongly supports the contention that, at least as of the late 1990s, identity continues to be based on national end ethnic factors rather than civilisational ones.