网络侵权类型化:一个难以成立的命题

网络侵权只是一种发生在特殊场所的侵权形式,并非新的侵权类型,网络侵权责任在归责原则、构成要件、免责事由等方面,整体上并不存在特别之处.倘若将其作为一种类型规定在<中华人民共和国侵权责任法>中,将严重威胁到侵权法的稳定.<侵权责任法>不将网络侵权作为特殊的类型看待,是一种合适的选择.     

夫妻侵权责任构成要件探微

夫妻侵权责任是夫妻一方违反法定义务侵害他方民事权益应承担的法律后果。夫妻侵权责任首先是一般侵权责任,须具备“侵害行为、损害事实、主观过错、侵害行为与损害事实之间的因果关系”四个方面的构成要件,但是其构成要件又有特定的要求。     

重申一般侵权与特殊侵权——兼评《侵权责任法(草案·二次审议稿)》中的相关规定

一般侵权是依民事立法关于侵权的一般规定承担赔偿责任的侵权.与其不同,将适用范围限定于特别场合,并且规定不同于一般构成要件的特别构成要件,这时的侵权被称为特殊侵权.特殊侵权包括但不限于发生无过错责任的侵权,还包括发生中间责任的侵权.<中华人民共和国侵权责任法(草案·二次审议稿)>时一般侵权与特殊侵权的规定还不够明确,反映出人们对这一问题的关注还不够.区分一般侵权与特殊侵权符合法律适用的逻辑,也适合中国法学教育的历史和现实.侵权责任法立法应避免过度的一般条款化,应根据一般侵权与特殊侵权整合侵权法的外在体系.     

收集和使用网络用户资料的伦理问题研究

全球范围内的网络用户正急剧增加。据估计 ,目前已经有 2 .5 9亿到 4.0 7亿的互联网用户。查找信息、传输文件、收发电子邮件、远程协作、网上银行、网上购物以及其他数不胜数的网络活动极为活跃 ,电子商务得到快速的发展。但是对网络用户隐私的威胁减缓了电子商务零售业的推进。事实上 ,61 %的网络用户称 ,出于隐私方面的考虑不准备从网上购物。根据弗莱斯特研究所(ForresterResearch)的估计 ,有 1 5 0亿美元的电子商务收益没有实现 ,原因就在于顾客担心自己的隐私被利用。鉴于互联网的特点 ,要收集网络用户的资料并不困难。这些资料对企…     

网络隐私权保护模式的构建

信息时代,网络技术的发展在给人们带来高效便捷的同时,也对个人信息资料的隐秘性和安全性构成了前所未有的威胁。其中,网络隐私权保护应当秉承何种原则,选择何种保护模式,成为网络隐私权保护中的首要问题。文章以实现网络隐私权市场———用户权益、行业利益和社会利益的双赢为契入点,探讨了我国网络隐私权综合保护模式的构建,即三道防线的构建(用户的自我保护、行业自律与政府管理的基础保护和司法最终解决) ,以期对网络隐私权保护制度的创新有所促进     

浅谈虚拟参考咨询模式中个人隐私权的存在问题与解决方法

在虚拟参考咨询服务中,图书馆为了为用户提供更好地服务,需要收集大量的信息资料。在收集信息资料的过程中,如何很好的处理用户对隐私权的需求,谨防虚拟参考咨询服务变为用户隐私信息的＂漏斗＂是至关重要的。本文分析虚拟参考咨询模式中个人隐私权存在问题的成因并提出了解决问题的相应对策。     

新闻报道中的名誉权侵权责任

新闻报道中的名誉权侵权责任认定应遵循一般侵权责任构成要件。新闻报道侵害名誉权主要表现为基本内容严重失实、基本内容失实和内容属实但评论不当。与之对应的是,媒体可主张的违法阻却事由主要有真实性抗辩、相当性抗辩、官方依据抗辩和合理评论抗辩。在责任分担上,应根据具体案情依据法律酌定。     

著作权侵权行为的界定与损害赔偿的构成要件

侵害著作权行为是指不法侵害著作权并致损害而应承担赔偿责任的行为。承担侵害著作权损害赔偿责任的构成要件包括损害事实、行为的违法性、因果关系与过错。损害赔偿涉及到利益分配,著作权侵权损害赔偿的无过错责任与无过错归责原则的理念不符,也不利于社会经济文化的发展,因此不应承认著作权侵权的无过错赔偿责任。权利人行使类似于物权请求权的著作权请求权时不要求对方有过错。     

侵权免责事由的政策性调试与配置——以民事政策与侵权法关系为视角

侵权免责事由是行为人承担民事责任的消极要件,在侵权法已有的免责事由评价与认定机制中导入民事政策,有助于弥补侵权法固有的滞后性并建立类型化所需的配套规则。通过影响违法性判断中的利益衡量标准,民事政策可以"量化"特殊侵权责任的免责事由。政策性免责事由的提炼,能够促使运行中的侵权法跨越法律规则实然与应然之间的沟壑,民事政策还可以成为避免责任泛化的"水闸"。民事政策对侵权免责事由的调试与配置是一个动态的曲线过程,侵权法律制度与民事政策之间的良性互动,是侵权免责事由评价机制得以公正、高效运行的途径之一。     

共同侵权民事责任的新发展

伴随侵权责任由主观责任向客观责任的转变以及侵权法损害填补功能的强化和风险分担的社会化,共同侵权民事责任开始出现不断放宽共同侵权行为的构成要件和过分倚重连带责任以求实现受害人充分救济的两种制度走向。随着人们对侵权法危机的反思,连带责任也开始招致域外学者对其责任基础和责任分担的质疑,共同侵权行为领域的立法和司法上开始呈现出一种民事责任的新的发展趋势,即责任等同于过错。     

Prospects for trade in manufactured goods between industrial and developing countries, 1978–1990

This paper examines prospective changes in trade in manufactured goods between the industrial and the developing countries. Assuming the continuation of the policies followed by the industrial countries, it is projected that the manufactured imports of these countries from the developing countries would rise at an average annual rate of 12.5% between 1978 and 1980 while their manufactured exports would increase 9 7% a year. Nonetheless, the export surplus of the industrial countries in trade in manufactured goods would rise, contributing to the growth of industrial output. The expansion of their exports of manufactured goods would also contribute to economic growth in the developing countries, and both groups of countries would benefit from specialization according to comparative advantage.     

Independence and Dependence in Aging

No abstract available for this article.     

Interest rate policies and inflation in interdependent economies: Recent policy dilemmas

This paper examines Federal Reserve Board policies that are premised on a negative short-run association of interest rate movements and the rate of inflation. In particular, econometric evidence is provided, supporting the view that tighter monetary policy appears to raise inflation rates in the short run. Conversely, it is demonstrated that easier monetary policy does not necessarily raise inflation rates in the short run. In the case of uncoordinated monetary restrictiveness, interest rate competition among major countries can produce higher inflation and lower growth than was originally intended.     

美国军方视阈中的美日同盟关系——基于《美日行政协定》草拟过程的分析

《美日行政协定》是构成战后美日同盟关系及决定走向的重要文本,无论是协定内容中的每一项规定,还是协定草拟过程中的每一个阶段,都反映出美国决策机构关于“美军驻日条件”的认知及美日同盟关系的定位。尽管处于“美军驻日条件”界定主导地位的美国军方,始终将日本看作是一个被征服的国家,没有作为一个对等盟国来看待,体现出战胜国对战败国应享有的绝对优越驻留条件。但是,在日本着力实施亲美的协调主义外交的强大攻势下,迫于来自美国国务院的压力,基于远东冷战局势的变化,从美日“良好政治关系”维护视角考量,美国军方不得不从坚决反对日方关于“美军驻日条件”的修改意见,转而做出让步。迄今,该协定维系着美日同盟关系,但“美军驻日条件”始终使日本处于“非正常国家”地位,制约了日本作为主权国家所应享有的对驻日美军的控制性权利。     

Commodity market stabilization: A comparison of simple and optimal intervention strategies in the world copper market

With the publication of the Brandt Report, international commodity policy has again become an important issue. Commodity stabilization agreements have been proposed as a means of stabilizing producers' incomes and/or redistributing wealth to less developed economies. This paper examines, in the context of a single market, the extent to which prices can be stabilized, the potential costs of such a scheme, and whether this redistribution would be achieved. By comparing the bandwidth rules that have been proposed with optimal stabilization rules, we find that significant stabilization is possible but expensive and that bandwidth rules are likely to prove inadequate because they cannot anticipate.     

Multiple objective policy analysis: A factor analysis and tradeoff approach applied to the agricultural sector of the Dominican Republic

The technique of factor analysis is applied to a situation in which result data from multiple objective policy analysis need to be reduced to a subset of information for policy makers. Use of factor analysis in this context is developed in some detail, and the process is applied to results of pricing policy simulations from a model of the agricultural sector of the Dominican Republic. It is concluded that factor analysis can be a useful first step for the analyst to determine the relationships among groups of variables. The technique also aids the process of data reduction to allow graphical presentation of tradeoffs.     

A model of the inflationary process in six major O.E.C.D. economies: Empirical results and policy implications

In contrast to most recent empirical work on inflation which has concentrated on the size and stability of coefficients in the wage equation, this paper provides a reexamination of the price equation. Evidence is presented on the structural determinants of inflation in six large industrial nations. It is demonstrated that price equations which include capital costs and excess demand among the regressors perform exceedingly well according to the usual statistical criteria. The results of this study indicate that the inflationary process possesses a high degree of uniformity among the larger industrial countries. This pertains not only with respect to the specific independent variables in price equations, but also with respect to the high degree of uniformity of the estimated coefficients. Additionally, the findings indicate that lower productivity growth and higher capital costs have contributed significantly to the inflationary process since 1974. Furthermore, since higher capital costs are one consequence of tighter monetary policies, the adoption of such policies in response to the two oil price shocks of the 1970s may have offset their intended deflationary effects on prices through the linkage of wage costs and aggregate demand.     

International cooperation in stockpiles and tariffs for coping with oil supply disruptions

This paper provides a unified treatment of oil stockpiling and demand restraint as policy responses for enhancing energy security and examines the implications of recent changes in the structure and performance of the international oil market for the design of policies. These issues are addressed using a dynamic programming framework in which international policy actions of key oil-importing countries are modeled as a Nash dynamic game. Significant policy implications from the analysis include: (1) the result that, with realistic assumptions about disruption risks and inventory capacities, differences between noncooperative and coordinated stockpile policies appear to be minor and (2) significant mutual gains could be reaped from a modest degree of collective restraint on normal market oil demand. The broader role of international cooperation in enhancing energy security is also discussed.     

The World Bank model for global interdependence: A quantitative framework for the World Development Report

This paper describes the basic structure of the Global Model used in preparing various parts of the World Development Report (WDR) issued annually by the World Bank. The report is designed to help clarify linkages between the international economy and the domestic strategies of developing countries. The paper is divided in four parts. The first two present different aspects of the model structure and discuss the reasons that induced the authors to orient themselves towards given functional specifications. In the final parts the policy relevance of the exercise is studied in light of the results that the model has produced for 1975–1985.     

Political confrontation over fiscal processes: The impact of the U.S. Congressional Budget Act

In July 1974 the U.S. Congressional Budget Act was signed into law. This legislation was the result of a heavily fought political confrontation between President Nixon and Congress over who controlled the Federal budget. In addition to the issue of control, the Act was prompted by dissatisfaction with the procedures used by Congress to determine Federal receipts and expenditures. The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact this legislation had on the U.S. economy in its early years.The first section of the paper sets up a simple modeling framework. The model is specified so as to illustrate how a change in the budget process resulting from the Congressional Budget Act could potentially produce changes in the level of total output. This section also explains the derivation of a tax and expenditure series used in the model's empirical testing. The second section addresses some of the theoretical issues, and presents the results of simulations based on the Chase, Wharton, and Data Resources econometric models. Broad conclusions are gathered in the final section.