论汉代学校教育

汉代是中国封建社会教育制度基本轮廓的初步形成时期 ,其官学制度奠定了后来中国封建官学发展的基本格局。私学发展更具特色 ,书馆———乡塾———精华舍上下相互衔接 ,创立及门弟子与著录弟子制度 ,为后世学术文化社会化开辟了道路。特别是“独尊儒术”文教政策的确立与贯彻 ,不仅实现了两汉教育文化的儒学化 ,而且对后世中国文化教育的发展 ,影响较深     

中国古代官学选士制度及其演变

中国古代官学选士制度的发展,经历了先秦国学选士与稷下养土、汉代太学射策课选与鸿都门学文学取士、宋代熙丰舍选与明清监生出仕等基本阶段;而在其发展的不同阶段,官学取士与其他选士制度的关系类型也各不相同,西周以国学选士为主体汉代太学射策课选与察举诸科并行,隋唐以降则官学课试与科举铨选逐渐结合;同时,随着中国古代官学体制的不断完善和选士制度的进一步发展,古代官学选±又表现出国学选士、太学射策、熙丰舍选、伎术人流、监生出仕等具体形态。     

唐代学风的颓坏与科举制度的演变

科举制度起源于汉代的策试,萌芽于南北朝时期的九流常选,定型于隋代的进士科,是中国封建社会后期主要的选官制度。科举制度的出现对中国封建社会的历史进程产生了巨大而深远的影响。就唐代的情况来看,一方面,科举制度的推行把全国范围内的政治力量集合到一个统一的体系之中,从而使唐代的政治除了具有空前的统一性之外,还具有一种广泛性与平等性。尽管这种广泛性与平等性极其有限,却对唐代政治的稳定与经济、文化的繁荣发挥了积极的作用。大唐帝国之所以能成为中国封建社会发展史上的鼎盛时代,科举制度的贡献不容抹杀。但是,另一方面,科举制…     

影响唐代河西文化特征的历史因素

唐代是我国封建社会发展过程中的一个里程碑。其国力之强大、经济文化之繁荣昌盛都堪称封建社会的高峰。与当时全国形势相适应,河西文化更是异彩纷呈,甚至可以说在唐代文化中独领风骚。唐代河西文化是一个庞大的文化体系,内容宏富,独具特色,对唐代文化大局和我国文化史发展都产生了巨大影响。 唐代河西文化十分丰富。音乐成就极大,中西音乐特征的结合很明显,所谓“中国旧乐而杂以羌胡之声”;伴随着河西音乐作品的出现,河西又是引起外来乐器及外来演奏形式的地区;河西的音乐成就,影响及于文学,长短句的词牌乐谱大量孕育于开、天之     

脉络、特点及意蕴:中国封建社会决策制度及智库发展透视

决策咨询制度作为政治制度的一个有机组成部分,必然受到所处朝代、所处历史时期的影响。中国历朝各代的政治制度特征与其智库的演进脉络有着内在的勾连。封建社会智库在春秋战国时期开始萌芽,在秦汉隋唐得到巩固,明清则进入成熟时期。梳理中国封建社会决策制度及智库发展的历程,发现中国封建社会智库决策咨询具有以下几个特点:集附属性和独立性于一体;内生于封建社会长治久安的需要;发展的核心动力是幕僚制度。反思中国封建社会决策咨询制度的其中意蕴,对于把握中国智库的未来方向具有重要意义。     

唐代书法私学教育

唐代书法教育有官学和私学之分,其中,私学教育非常昌盛.表现为:私学中的童蒙教育、经学和文学教育、妇女教育都普遍注重书法内容.与前代相比,唐代书法私学教育,不仅教材出现了新的变化,并且注重书写的法度教育.所有这些,构成了整个唐代书法繁荣昌盛的重要社会基础.     

对唐代宫廷音乐高度繁盛的分析与思考

唐代音乐文化的发展在整个中国封建社会中处于鼎盛时期,呈现出百花齐放的局面。尤其是唐宫廷音乐更可称的上是艺术百花园中光彩夺目的一朵奇葩。本文从唐宫廷音乐的角度入手,分析思考了唐代音乐高度繁盛的原因,为后世音乐艺术的发展积累了可供借鉴的历史经验。     

明代中后叶的平民儒学与“异端”运动

自汉武之世实施“罢黜百家,独尊儒术”政策以来,儒家由先秦诸子百家中的一家升入庙堂,儒学由私学成为为封建专制统治服务的官学。迨至明代中后叶,与封建社会晚期商品经济的发展、平民阶层的崛起相适应,儒学呈露出由庙堂返回民间,由经院哲学而向大众化、通俗化方向发展的迹象,以至产生了同官方儒学迥然有别的平民儒学。这无疑是中国儒学史、乃至整个中国思想文化史上的一件具有重要意义的大事。     

中国奴隶制残余在封建社会内的长期延续——从一个侧面看历史发展的复杂现象

中国的奴隶社会何时结束,封建社会何时开始,学术界历来分歧很大。本文考察了自西周至明清各个阶段的奴隶制状况,用大量的历史事实证明:西周、春秋时期奴隶制虽有各种表现形式,但在社会生产中居于次要地位,当时已进入以封建生产方式为主的封建社会;战国、秦汉时期由于种种原因,奴隶制残余在封建社会内又出现畸形增长;魏晋至明清时期一直遗存许多奴隶制残余,其中北朝、元代和清代奴隶制还一再有所强化。它深刻地告诉我们:历史的发展是曲折前进的,一个新的杜会制度诞生后,旧制度总要顽强地残留下来。本文从探讨中国历史上各个时期的奴隶制状况着手,对中国古代社会史的发展作了宏观的辨析,它充分揭示了社会变革的长期性和复杂性。     

王弼《易》学始立官学考——兼论魏晋南北朝时期官学制度的兴废

通过对魏晋南北朝时期官学制度的详尽考索,本文认为,王弼<易>学始立于官学的时间应在宋文帝元嘉十九年,即公元442年.其设立与东晋后期玄学与佛学、经学的融合以及私学教育的发展有极密切之关系.     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.     

Global employment and decent jobs, 2010–2030: The forces of demography and automation

Globally, an estimated 734 million jobs will be required between 2010 and 2030 to accommodate recent and ongoing demographic shifts, account for plausible changes in labour force participation rates, and achieve target unemployment rates of at or below 4 per cent for adults and at or below 8 per cent for youth. The facts that most new jobs will be required in countries where “decent” jobs are less prevalent and workers in many occupations are increasingly subject to risks of automation further compound the challenge of job creation, which is already quite sizable in historical perspective. Failure to create the jobs that are needed through 2030 would put currently operative social security systems under pressure and undermine efforts to guarantee the national social protection floors enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).