国内外清真寺社会功能研究现状

清真寺作为伊斯兰文化的有形载体,在穆斯林的物质和精神生活中具有举足轻重的影响.本文考察了国内外清真寺社会功能研究的现状,并对相关的中、阿、英文文献进行了梳理.清真寺社会功能研究目前还处于起步阶段.研究清真寺的社会功能,深入解析伊斯兰社会宗教生活、社会生活的核心要素,对于推动中国的阿拉伯学、伊斯兰学和中东学的学科建设具有重要的意义.对中东清真寺社会功能的研究旨在深化对伊斯兰文明的理解,这也正是与伊斯兰文明进行对话的必要前提.     

从伊斯兰史上的著名清真寺看清真寺功能的多样性

清真寺作为伊斯兰教的重要宗教活动场所,是穆斯林社区的核心。凡是有穆斯林的地方,几乎都有清真寺。特别在中东阿拉伯国家,清真寺更是随处可见。在伊斯兰史上,清真寺在促进穆斯林社会的政治、经济、文化发展方面一直发挥着重要作用,具有诸多社会功能。本文以伊斯兰历史上著名清真寺为例,着重分析清真寺功能的多样性及其在当代的演变情况。     

从伊斯兰史上的著名清真寺看清真寺功能的多样性

清真寺作为伊斯兰教的重要宗教活动场所,是穆斯林社区的核心。凡是有穆斯林的地方,几乎都有清真寺。特别在中东阿拉伯国家,清真寺更是随处可见。在伊斯兰史上,清真寺在促进穆斯林社会的政治、经济,文化发展方面一直发挥着重要作用,具有诸多社会功能。本文以伊斯兰历史上著名清真寺为例,着重分析清真寺功能的多样性及其在当代的演变情况。     

全球化背景下的清真寺功能评估

提供宗教礼拜场所是清真寺的基本功能,内含“六大信仰”的宣传和“五大功修”的实践,在不断协调人神关系中凸现清真寺传播与实践伊斯兰神学精神的实质,并派生出基本建筑元素“变与不变”的发展规律;清真寺还具有教育、科研、慈善、司法、外交、社区服务等一系列衍生功能,渗透着伊斯兰“世俗关切”的情怀,解决了人与人之间的关系;功能发生变异又折射出清真寺在宗教与政治夹缝中生存的尴尬境遇,“涉寺事件”就是“各种权力精英”依赖圣寺、名寺的象征资源优势来达到“政治动员”目的结果,背离了伊斯兰的和平本质与清真寺的禁武精神;在全球化背景下对清真寺功能作客观评估,也是对全球治理中“伊斯兰因素”作深入思考：清真寺功能衍变将对全球文明对话的理论与实践产生深远影响、清真寺的变异功能仍会以“涉寺事件”的方式加大解决阿拉伯一伊斯兰问题的难度、清真寺伊玛目能否坚守“和平与禁武”的基本精神也会对国家和地区的非传统安全产生一定的影响、清真寺的衍生功能已在解决美欧穆斯林移民问题的具体实践中发挥了特殊而积极的作用。     

全球化背景下的清真寺功能评估

提供宗教礼拜场所是清真寺的基本功能,内含"六大信仰"的宣传和"五大功修"的实践,在不断协调人神关系中凸现清真寺传播与实践伊斯兰神学精神的实质,并派生出基本建筑元素"变与不变"的发展规律;清真寺还具有教育、科研、慈善、司法、外交、社区服务等一系列衍生功能,渗透着伊斯兰"世俗关切"的情怀,解决了人与人之间的关系;功能发生变异又折射出清真寺在宗教与政治夹缝中生存的尴尬境遇,"涉寺事件"就是"各种权力精英"依赖圣寺、名寺的象征资源优势来达到"政治动员"目的结果,背离了伊斯兰的和平本质与清真寺的禁武精神;在全球化背景下对清真寺功能作客观评估,也是对全球治理中"伊斯兰因素"作深入思考:清真寺功能衍变将对全球文明对话的理论与实践产生深远影响、清真寺的变异功能仍会以"涉寺事件"的方式加大解决阿拉伯-伊斯兰问题的难度、清真寺伊玛目能否坚守"和平与禁武"的基本精神也会对国家和地区的非传统安全产生一定的影响、清真寺的衍生功能已在解决美欧穆斯林移民问题的具体实践中发挥了特殊而积极的作用.     

中东地区清真寺功能的演变

清真寺是伊斯兰教最重要的建筑物,其功能随着历史发展而不断演变.中古时期的清真寺以宗教功能为基础,兼具社会、政治和文化功能,在穆斯林生活中占据核心地位;近代以来,清真寺保持和加强民族认同以及提供情感依托和社会支持的功能得到强化,大众动员功能逐渐增强.这些功能在全球化时代得到进一步发展,在一定程度上缓解了全球化引起的伊斯兰国家民族认同危机、经济结构面临调整、人口跨国流动增加等压力.     

中东地区清真寺功能的演变

清真寺是伊斯兰教最重要的建筑物，其功能随着历史发展而不断演变。中古时期的清真寺以宗教功能为基础，兼具社会、政治和文化功能，在穆斯林生活中占据核心地位；近代以来，清真寺保持和加强民族认同以及提供情感依托和社会支持的功能得到强化，大众动员功能逐渐增强。这些功能在全球化时代得到进一步发展，在一定程度上缓解了全球化引起的伊斯兰国家民族认同危机、经济结构面临调整、人口跨国流动增加等压力。     

埃及爱资哈尔清真寺浅析

在伊斯兰教发展的历史长河中,埃及爱资哈尔清真寺是穆斯林做礼拜的地方,是探寻伊斯兰学问的场所,是传播伊斯兰文化的中心。因此,爱资哈尔清真寺的作用不仅表现在宗教方面,也表现在教育和社会方面。爱资哈尔清真寺是伊斯兰文化的一个特殊缩影,研究分析其社会价值有助于我们加深对伊斯兰文化的认识和了解。     

中阿文明交往面临的挑战及对策思考

中阿文明交往迄今已有2000余年历史,形成“官民并举”的一种基本交往态势,在各个历史阶段采取了不同方式,并呈现出不同交往内涵与特征;伊斯兰文明面临的现实挑战主要包括：1．“9·11”事件使阿拉伯-伊斯兰世界因受连坐而声名狼藉,伊斯兰文明面临何去何从的“十字路口”、2．美国借“大中东民主改造”之名进行的文化改造,加重了伊斯兰世界在全球化中被边缘化的程度,伊斯兰文明面临如何与怎样融入全球化的现实困境、3．目前发生的这场内生型的阿拉伯民主运动,实为阿拉伯民族从清真寺走向广场来集体表达民主诉求之举,凸显出伊斯兰文明主动融入全球化的自觉意识;为进一步推进中阿文明交往,双方应进一步加强认知、增进理解与沟通,警惕并应对美国互联网外交带来的新挑战,将宗教交流作为深化中阿文明交往的突破口。     

中阿文明交往面临的挑战及对策思考

中阿文明交往迄今已有2000余年历史,形成"官民并举"的一种基本交往态势,在各个历史阶段采取了不同方式,并呈现出不同交往内涵与特征;伊斯兰文明面临的现实挑战主要包括:1."9·11"事件使阿拉伯-伊斯兰世界因受连坐而声名狼藉,伊斯兰文明面临何去何从的"十字路口"、2.美国借"大中东民主改造"之名进行的文化改造,加重了伊斯兰世界在全球化中被边缘化的程度,伊斯兰文明面临如何与怎样融入全球化的现实困境、3.目前发生的这场内生型的阿拉伯民主运动,实为阿拉伯民族从清真寺走向广场来集体表达民主诉求之举,凸显出伊斯兰文明主动融入全球化的自觉意识;为进一步推进中阿文明交往,双方应进一步加强认知、增进理解与沟通,警惕并应对美国互联网外交带来的新挑战,将宗教交流作为深化中阿文明交往的突破口。     

Politique et expertise scientifique. La régulation européenne des médicaments

A study of the EU system for regulating medicinal products is used to show the usefulness of distinguishing between policy-making and scientific expertise when analyzing political decision-making. This approach presupposes identifying the characteristics of scientific expertise. The experts responsible for assessing drugs have to combine knowledge and action. Questions are raised about how work is shared between decision-makers and experts. In the case of medicinal products, the work of experts has absorbed decision-making. Lest we waver between explanations in terms either of science or else of politics, it is necessary to substantively identify expertise’s political dimensions. Two conceptions — the “healthy man’s” and the “sick man’s” — of the purpose of assessing medicinal products stand out in debates; but political authorities pay no heed to them.     

The electronic face of government in the internet age: borrowing from Murray Edelman

The issue of legitimation by political elites has been a central concern of political scientists for many years. This article draws upon the work of Murray Edelman who was instrumental in analysing this relationship between rulers and ruled, the relatively powerful and relatively powerless, through an understanding of language, symbolism and the manipulation of information. It concludes with the contention that the Internet offers the prospect for governments to create new 'electronic faces', which act to support a symbolic architecture of power.     

Wedding the dragon: The powerful feminine as seen in Jewish women’s dreams

Abstract

This article addresses the theological and liturgical problem of incorporating mythic traditions of the divine feminine into contemporary practice, given the typically essentialist nature of these traditions. The article considers the dream practice of a Jewish women’s learning community, the Kohenet Hebrew Priestess Institute, and applies this practice to several “dragon dreams” in which dragons appear as powerful, erotic, sacred figures that “queer” the divine feminine by offering a norm-upending vision of what the feminine is and does. These dragon dreams provide a powerful alternative to traditional Jewish images of the female dragon in which the dragon represents the demonic feminine. I suggest that dreams can offer a “queering” of mythic images of the sacred feminine because they contain images that have mythic depth but also upend norms and expectations. The article then explores how these dragon images have made their way into the liturgy and theology of the Kohenet Hebrew Priestess Institute.     

Un atelier d’écriture internationale : l’OCDE au travail. Éléments de sociologie de la forme « rapport »

The writing of a “transversal” report on employment at the OECD is examined by focusing not on the finished product but, instead, on the drafting of the report. This approach allows for exploring the dynamics of power at work inside the OECD. It opens toward broader considerations about how this type of international organization produces knowledge in economics and weaves relations, throughout the long process of drafting the report, with those who requested it. This article analyzes how economic issues are assembled through a succession of intermediate studies and reshaped through an asymmetrical competition between services. By making visible the process of constructing the position of “institutional author”, this analysis repositions on new grounds the problem of “influence”, which usually arises in organizations of this sort.     

WHAT IS THE MULTITUDE?

Nicholas Brown and Imre Szeman continue their conversation with Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri. (See ‘The Global Coliseum: On Empire’ in Cultural Studies, 16.2, (March 2002), p. 177–192). In this new interview they press the authors of Empire and Multitude on questions that have arisen both out of their own involvement with the theoretical issues generated by Empire and from new areas opened up by Multitude. Why is the multitude not a class? How can the unity of a political project be maintained in the multiplicity of the multitude? Is democracy still a project for the future? Can a political subject constitute itself outside the structure of sovereignty? In other words, what is the multitude?     

DEFINING MOMENTS: THE TENSION BETWEEN RICHNESS AND REACH

The defining moments of traditional spatially based higher education are made up of fixed and fluid experiences. These 'moments' are now creaking as funding per student falls and the romanticized ideal of an education detached from 'real' life falters under the weight of highly variable student experiences. Distance learning in all its guises has always been regarded as inferior by those embedded in the traditional system. However more and more students demand something different from costly campus-based education. It is time for a more open discussion about the tensions between richness and reach and the role that new facilities like the Internet could play in reaching more students without wallowing in the nostalgia that often accompanies such debates.     

A Stylistic Analysis of Hemingway’s A Clean,Well-Lighted Place

One important theme of Hemingway＇s A Clean, Well-Lighted Place is the nothingness of life itself, At the beginning of this short story, Hemingway presents a setting--the cafe, which is familiar to us, and then moves our attention to focus on the characters within that setting, The story is told through the dialogues between the two waiters and is in third-person narration, In the following paragraphs we will focus on stylistic characteristics of this short story,     

INFORMATION-CENTRED DESIGN: A methodology for designing virtual meeting DESIGN environments

Development of single-user computer applications has often been based on user-centred or task-centred design methodologies, with some success. These methodologies are also useful for guiding the development of multi-user CSCW applications whenever the basic characteristics of the users, or the type of tasks for which the system is being designed are identifiable. The effectiveness of these methodologies as a basis for the design of virtual meeting environments for supporting community-based activities, on the other hand, is rather limited. This is mainly due to the fact that for such systems it is not generally possible to identify the user or task requirements, as these vary considerably from one community to another, or even within the same community over a period of time. New methodologies need to be devised, or existing methodologies have to be modified, to direct the development of virtual environments for which the characteristics of the users or their activities are not known in advance. This paper introduces the concept of information-centred design. Information-centred design, though not fully devised yet, focuses on the identification of the type of information, as well as the way it is collected and utilized by the users of a virtual meeting environment. This pool of information, which plays an important role in facilitating interaction and communication between the members of a community, could be defined as their communal memory.     

La contingence et le travail de conception. Définir,organiser, délibérer

The activity of a design office consists in producing plans for things that do not yet exist. If, through poor management, the designers fail to anticipate accurately what the product will be, work will be inappropriately allocated and divided. Given the uncertain nature of the activity and the outcome, designers are simultaneously involved in the process of producing technical solutions, a process of organisation — through constant reallocation of tasks — and a political process of ironing out disagreements — through the exploration of multiple heterogeneous possibilities.     

Recruitment of foreign male and female fighters to Jihad: Morocco’s multifaceted counter-terror strategy

Field research on ‘young Moroccan Jihadists in Syria and Iraq from northern Morocco’ unexpectedly revealed the mundane factors behind their recruitment represented in the self-realization and the search for heroism, adventure and money, were the main reasons for the recruitment of young people in northern Morocco terrorist organizations, especially the Daesh. The religious factor is secondary. To combat terrorism and extremism which is spreading in the MENA region requires political will. Appropriate laws should be enacted as soon as possible and policies must be implemented to ensure border control, the closure of financing ports, propaganda platforms, anti-addiction, etc.