对我国科技创新法律制度的探讨

在建设中国特色社会主义事业的进程中,我国提出了建设创新型国家的发展战略,这是一项具有重大现实意义和历史意义的战略举措.科技创新是推动建设创新型国家的重要途径,而法律制度为科技的创新健康、有序、快速发展提供了最坚实的保障.本文首先论述了法律制度是科技创新的最有力保障的原因,然后对我国科技创新法律制度建设中存在的问题和完善措施进行了探讨.     

上海加快建设全球科技创新中心的若干思考

加快建设全球科技创新中心是上海建设"四个中心"的应有之义,也是履行"科学发展先行者、改革开放排头兵"历史使命的必然要求。上海建设全球科技创新中心已有较好基础,但也面临严峻挑战和制约。上海可在完善规划、创新资源、成果转化、支撑体系、创新文化和合作网络等方面采取更有针对性的措施,进一步提升科技创新的核心竞争力和全球影响力。     

制定《上海市推进科技创新中心建设条例》促进科创中心建议

制定《上海市推进科技创新中心建设条例》,既是搭建科技创新中心法律框架的必要,也是完善科技创新法规体系的需要.《条例》在立法目的、调整对象和调整手段上与《上海市科学技术进步条例》和《上海市促进科技成果转化条例》有诸多不同,不会造成立法的重复.《条例》需要明确科技创新中心的定位,完善科技管理体制,划定科技创新的区域布局,设定平台建设、科技市场体系建设和创新环境建设的制度机制.     

上海建设国际创新中心战略研究

国际创新中心是指科技创新资源密集、科技创新实力雄厚、创新文化发达、创新氛围浓郁、科技辐射带动能力较强,具有良好科技发展潜力和人文自然环境、较强国际竞争力和影响力的城市或区域,是全球新知识、新技术和新产品的创新源地和产生中心之一。上海科技创新实力雄厚,稳居全国各地区前列,具备建设国际创新中心的先天优势。上海要实现创新驱动转型发展,必须在城市总体发展格局中进一步凸显科技创新功能,全面实施科教兴市战略、人才强市战略和文化强市战略,全力以赴抓好张江国家自主创新示范区建设,使科技创新功能成为城市功能的核心和关键,着力增强城市科技创新实力和国际综合竞争力,到2020年基本建设成为具有雄厚竞争力、强大辐射力和广泛影响力的国际创新中心城市,成为全球创新资源配置中枢、国际创新知识生产源地、世界创新经济战略高地和国际科技创新竞合平台。     

上海建设全球科技创新中心的战略路径

建设全球科技创新中心是一个系统工程,上海应从国家战略需求出发,紧盯全球科技创新中心目标,全盘考虑、抓紧谋划、扎实推进,力争到2040年基本建成具有雄厚竞争力、强大辐射力和广泛影响力的全球科技创新中心,成为全球创新资源配置中枢、国际创新知识生产源地、世界创新经济战略高地和国际科技创新竞合平台。     

国家科技创新治理体系与上海对策总体研究

在加快建设全球科技创新中心的大背景之下,上海需从世界竞争大格局、适应经济发展新常态、区域创新辐射等维度统筹设计和思考定位,重点从正确处理政府与市场以及社会的关系、有效促进各类创新主体协同互动、改进科技创新治理机制、完善激励大众创业万众创新的制度环境等方面,推进其科技创新治理体系现代化,促进支撑科技创新发展的制度基础更加成熟定型,促进创新要素的高效聚集和有效流动,激发创新动力和活力,提高科技创新的质量和效率.     

上海国际科技创新中心新一轮发展战略研究

上海国际科技创新中心新一轮发展要围绕高水平科技自立自强,按照“四个面向”“四个新”“四个第一”的工作要求,以“筑基、垒台、立柱、架梁”的战略思维,加快推进国际科技创新中心建设的创新基础培育、创新条件建设、创新体制机制构建和创新体系能力形成,加快构筑新阶段上海创新发展的战略优势,加快实现国际科技创新中心功能全面升级,为我国进入创新型国家前列提供坚实支撑。     

上海建设具有全球影响力科技创新中心的若干思考

上海建设具有全球影响力的科技创新中心, 是国家战略的需要, 也是上海自身实现创新驱动发展、 经济转型升级的内在要求. 笔者从创新动力、 创新能力及创新转化3个方面分析了目前上海建设全球科创中心所面临的主要问题和瓶颈, 并对如何突破这些瓶颈提出了建议.     

“一带一路”强化广州核心枢纽功能

作为古代海上丝绸之路发祥地和改革开放前沿地,广州在国家对外经贸方面扮演了主要角色。“一带一路”国家战略和广东自贸区获批,使广州迎来了历史性的战略机遇叠加期,对于提升广州城市国际竞争力,扩大城市开放格局意义重大,必将进一步强化广州中国南大门枢纽核心功能。     

未来30年上海城市发展的战略驱动力在哪里?——“未来30年上海城市发展的动力及对策举措”专题研讨会综述

未来30年上海科技创新驱动力建设,关键是提升上海自主创新的能力.要充分发挥科学家自由探索的内在驱动力、市场利益驱动力和政府政策方面的战略意识力,整合科技资源,突出跨界合作,建设“重大科学基础设施”,打造行业产业技术研发创新枢纽.同时,重视技术创新与业态创新、商业模式创新相融合,支持面向服务经济的新型产业体系,支持文化科技融合与现代服务业创新,支持创意经济发展;通过推进智能交通、智慧城市、智能电网、城市安全建设,提升城市功能布局和带动相关产业转型升级.     

Back and Forth and Beyond

The Journal invited Tom Andersen, author of major pioneering work on the reflecting team, and his colleagues, to offer comment on The Reflecting Team Process in Training. We thought such a north-south dialogue was in keeping with the spirit of reflecting teams, and the team members in Melbourne and Tromsø agree — Editor.     

Time and aging--mechanisms and meanings

A recent European Molecular Biology Laboratory Conference on Science and Society entitled "Time & Aging--Mechanisms & Meanings" fascinated scientists from different research areas as well as nonscientists. Topics discussed included not only the biological aging process but also the psychological effects of aging and social influences that affect this process.     

Arts and Crafts and Reconstruction

Abstract

This paper examines the role of arts and crafts in reconstructing communities after times of upheaval, their use in creating employment opportunities, and their impact on the nature of South African art history. It looks at craft initiatives during and after the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, and draws parallels with early twentieth-century initiatives, particularly those of Florence Phillips, who founded the Johannesburg Art Gallery in 1910, Emily Hobhouse, who established Boer home industries, and the South African National Union, which promoted the manufacture and use of local products.     

Sexual Compulsivity and Sexual Behaviors Among Gay and Bisexual Men and Lesbian and Bisexual Women

Within the existing body of research, the information pertaining to sexual compulsivity (SC) among women, both homo- and heterosexual, remains rather limited in comparison to men. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SC in a community sample of gay and bisexual men and lesbian and bisexual women and to identify differences in sexual practices based on classification as sexually compulsive within gender. Supporting previous research, the findings indicated that gay and bisexual men were significantly higher in SC when compared to lesbian and bisexual women. Similarly, sexually compulsive gay and bisexual men were more likely to report drug use with sex than their non-sexually compulsive peers, suggesting that “party n' play” may play a larger role for men with SC. In addition, the findings demonstrated empirical support for the proposition that lesbian and bisexual women with symptoms of SC were more likely to engage in specialized sexual behaviors in comparison to their non-sexually compulsive peers. These data suggest that SC manifests differently in gay, lesbian, and bisexual men and women.     

Evening and night work schedules and children's social and emotional well-being

ABSTRACT

An emerging body of evidence shows that parents’ non-standard work schedules have a detrimental effect on children's well-being. However, only a limited number of studies have investigated mediating factors that underpin this association. Likewise, only a few studies have examined the impact of fathers’ non-standard work schedules on children's well-being. Based on data from the Families in Germany Study (FiD), this study aimed to address these research gaps. The sample consists of parents and their children at ages 7–8 and 9–10 (n?=?838 child observations in dual-earner families). The data were collected in the years 2010–2013. Non-standard work hours were defined as working in evenings and or at night (every day, several times a week, or changing as shifts). Children's social and emotional well-being was measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The findings show that both mothers’ and fathers’ evening and night work schedules are linked to an increase in children's externalizing and internalizing behavior and that this association is partially mediated by mothers’ and fathers’ harsh and strict parenting, with a stronger mediation effect for fathers parenting.     

Thinking and Speech and Protocol Analysis

Some form of verbal report—that is, a research participant' s concurrent or retrospective verbal account of thought processes during problem-solving activities—has been used throughout this century as the database from which psychologists have developed theories of human mentation. Newell and Simon (1972) and Ericsson and Simon (1980, 1993) have provided extensive justification for using one such method, protocol analysis, as a tool for investigating cognition from an information-processing (IP) perspective. Their arguments have characterized protocol analysis as a methodology capable of providing evidence of the ways in which people attend to information stored in short-term memory to solve problems, with the evidence providing them with the grounds from which to generate models of human cognitive processes. A different view of protocol analysis is available from the perspective of cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) based on the work of Vygotsky (1987), Leont'ev (1981), and others, and its concern with the mediation of human development by culturally and historically grounded signs and tools. Because of its emphasis on culturally channeled development, a CHAT perspective views speech, including the speech that serves as evidence for cognition in psychological research, as a tool that potentially enables changes in consciousness. In this article I outline a CHAT perspective that accounts for protocol analysis along three key dimensions: (a) the relation between thinking and speech from a representational standpoint, (b) the social role of speech in research methodology, and (c) the influence of speech on thinking during data collection. The purpose of this discussion is not to refute the IP perspective on protocol analysis but to illustrate how this method can be viewed through a CHAT lens and to identify alternative assumptions that must be made to use it from a CHAT perspective.     

History and the here and now

This paper explores the lesser-known histories and present-day realities of small towns and non-metropolitan areas in the internal provinces of South Africa. It is different inasmuch as it focuses on transformations that have taken place at the local level, and where possible, generalises from these, rather than following the normal route taken by social scientists – at least from 1994, which has been to examine them from the top down. One feature of such changes has been the growth of gated communicates across the length and breadth of South Africa, but there are many more. One reason for their anonymity is that their evolution has been gradual and corpuscular, that they have become unconsciously familiar and are left unexamined. Another is our collective preoccupation with the metropolitan areas rather than the smaller localities where such processes are subterranean and confined. This paper presents very briefly some of the results of the researchers of the Local Histories and Present Realities programme over the past five years, in 19 separate centres. It examines the history and present circumstance of chiefdoms of Ga-Mphahlele and reveals the surprise finding that much of recent and contemporary politics revolve around events 200 years old. An analogous situation has arisen in Venda as well as in Mpumalanga and elsewhere, where a combination of new legislation to revive chiefly powers, and land reclamation legislation have lent a new legitimacy to chiefly powers, and inspired hundreds of phantom – and time-consuming – quests. Another massive development which has gone on around us but whose internal dynamics have never been observed is the rise of game hunting and ranching all over the interior of South Africa. This is a monster subject which is likely to have influence on all of our lives into which our group is now in a position to offer insights. A change of equal proportions is the rise of mining all over the interior Bushveld Igneous Complex – Mokopane is a good example of this and the huge social consequences this has brought in its wake. One final theme which embraces all the communities that we have studied is the local histories of transformation – collectively the most important – since 1994. This is almost entirely hidden to a wider world, including the transformed positions of local Indian residents.