消除上下级关系疏离状态的策略选择

上下级关系疏离现象主要表现为上下级之间心理距离过大,造成领导者与追随者情感分化、互不信任甚至严重对立.从解决问题的角度看,应当从上级与下级、领导者与追随者的内在素质入手,并考虑影响上下级行为的一系列权变因素. 一、追求领导者素质的全面提升 领导者素质的不足与追随者素质的提升是一个硬币的两面,而"此消彼长"之后,领导者素质的不足更加难以适应追随者素质的不断提升,这对于消除组织中的上下级关系疏离现象非常不利.在新的形势下,领导者应当全面提升自身素质,以适应和满足不同类型特质的追随者的要求.     

与上级相处的不良心理及校正策略

上下级关系是社会关系的一种表现形式。正常的上下级关系是工作得以顺利展开的前提,是单位机构组织正常运转的基础。作为下级,处理好上下级关系要克服五种不良心理。一、权势心理。由于长期封建等级观念的不良影响,在上下级交往过程中,一些下级无形中会暴露出对权势的敬畏心理。这样的下级在与领导接触时不能做到推心置     

上下级“心理位差”的形成机理及其矫治

在各类社会组织中,上下级关系是最基本的组织关系形态.人人都渴望自然、纯洁、积极、和谐的上下级关系,然而,在现实工作和生活中,上下级关系却常常走调、变味.有的上级习惯于强迫命令,"官大一级压死人",或搞"小圈子",任人唯亲、任人唯顺,以分化、奴化下级体现领导权威;有的下级则唯上级之命是从,靠出卖原则、道德和人格取悦上级,换取好处.这就造成上级掌握并决定下级前途命运、下级把个人前程完全寄托在上级身上的不正常的上下级关系.那么,本应正常的上下级关系为何会异化为主仆关系、"圈子"关系、权钱关系呢?笔者试从上下级的产生及其"心理位差"的形成机理上进行分析探讨.     

博弈论与上下级和谐型相互领导关系构建

除了传统的由上而下的正向领导,由下而上的逆向领导也日益普遍。构建和谐的上下级相互领导关系,"囚徒困境"启示我们要注重"合作信任化",铸牢上下级一致的意志动向;"斗鸡博弈"启示我们要注重"态度平缓化",培育上下级平和的协作态度;"智猪博弈"启示我们要注重"利益公平化",保障上下级稳定的工作心理;"脏脸博弈"启示我们要注重"交流有效化",营造上下级高效的工作环境。     

被领导误解怎么办

由于受认知条件、信息误导以及小人谗言等因索的影响,下属有时会被领导误解.如果这种误解不能及时得到消除,不仅会给下属造成巨大的心理压力和精神负担,而且还会影响到下属的晋升,严重损害上下级关系.     

“感动管理”:密切上下级关系的

在社会长期发展形成的等级秩序化管理环境中,司空见惯的上下级关系,逐渐演变成一种既需要明确差别又需要协调互利的微妙的对立统一关系.一方面,出于管理分工等需要,不能"官""兵"不分;另一方面,出于配合依存需要,上下级应协调互利.若只一味强调彼此的差别,就容易导致上下级关系疏远甚至对立,影响管理效果.自古至今,可以看到在许多管理场合中,作为上级的领导会设法通过各种方法行为,刻意淡化上下级之间森严的界限,努力破解上下级关系对立的困局,以求避免上下级关系的疏远隔阂,从而获得更佳的管理效果.     

领导决策落实中上下级博弈行为的规避之策

<正>领导决策与下级落实是领导的两个重要环节,任何一项领导决策都需要下级严格落实,才能实现领导目标。但是,在领导实践中,经常出现重决策轻落实或落实不力等问题,突出表现为"有令不行、有禁不止""上有政策、下有对策"等上下级关系博弈问题,使领导决策成为烂尾工程。这种领导决策落实中的上下级博弈关系危害党和国家的各项事业发展,成为制约经济社会发展的重要障碍。深入剖析领导决策落实中上下级博弈关系的表现及其危害,采取必要的防治措施,对于提高领     

巧“解”上司的误解

误解是领导行为中的一种常见现象。由于受认知条件、信息误导以及小人谗言的影响，上司对下属有时会产生误解。这种误解如果不能及时得到消除，不仅会给下属造成心理压力，而且会影响到下属的发展，损害上下级关系。因此，如何控制好自己的情绪，理智面对上司的误解，并采取恰当的方式化解领导的误解，     

上级矫治僵化型上下级关系的原则和举措

僵化型上下级关系的长期存在,会妨害上下级之间正常合作,降低上级的领导力,恶化单位环境。上级要确立方向原则、主动原则、力度原则,通过亮明观点、形成氛围,坚持制度、灵活施策,改变态度、增加互动,达成共识、形成合力,巩固提升、久久为功等举措,矫治僵化型上下级关系。     

约稿启事 “上下级关系疏离的组织生态解读”专题研究

在正态的上下级关系中,亲近、自然、有序、平等应是其题中应有之义,虽然其中不乏命令—服从、决策—执行、施加—接受等显示层级关系的内涵,但丝毫不会影响本应紧密甚至亲密的上下级关系,对整体利益和组织目标的共同追求反而促使上下级更加注意双方的团结、统一、亲近与和谐。然而,在现实中,上下级关系疏离的状态却越来越明显。由权力派生的"职务利益"将上下级之间清晰地分割开来,泾渭分明。上级秉持职务优越感,可以对下级俯视、蔑视、冷漠甚至伤害,下级则被上级操纵,被动应对,对上级只能远远观望,工具感、被剥夺感强烈;上级在资源分配、权力运用等方面可以尽情享受"职务红利",下级则被无情地推到一边。     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

CEO and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance

This paper focuses on the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance. Specifically, the study examines the association between the characteristics of the CEO and the Chairperson of the board and firm performance. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, the evidence found suggests that demographic and experience-related characteristics may be associated with the market valuation and financial performance of the firm. In particular, the reported results indicate a positive relationship between the presence of female CEOs or Chairs and firm performance, thus suggesting that gender-based differences may affect the CEO’s/Chairperson’s success. Moreover, the findings concerning the age of the CEO or Chair are mixed, while their experience and quality appear positively related to firm performance. Interestingly, a CEO or Chairperson holding multiple board seats is negatively associated with firm performance, whereas CEO duality has a positive relationship with Tobin’s Q and the return on assets (ROA) of the firm.     

David and Goliath: causes and effects of coopetition between start-ups and corporates

Coopetition (collaboration between competitors) among young firms (i.e. start-ups) and larger, more established firms (i.e. corporates) may be beneficial for both partners as each party typically has something to offer that is missing in the other. Start-ups often develop innovative ideas, are flexible and agile, willing to take risks, and aspire to achieve high growth, but they tend to lack the required resources, capabilities, and knowledge due to their newness and smallness. Corporates have resources, routines, and experience that enable them to work efficiently but lack a certain innovation capability. Research has suggested that coopetition represents an opportunity for start-ups facing restrictions in resources, while corporates benefit from start-ups’ innovative ideas. However, it is yet unknown whether start-ups and corporates engage in coopetition with each other and, if so, how and why they do this. This study seeks to fill this void by exploring the motives of coopeting start-ups and corporates, how they manage their coopetitive relationship, and what implications occur including potential benefits and risks. We present a multiple case study based on qualitative data collected through 70 interviews with Austrian-based start-ups and corporates representing 35 coopetitive partnerships. Discussing the findings based on our data, we propose relationships concerning coopetition and its role to enlarge resource- and technology-bases as well as its role in the development of dynamic capabilities.     

Career orientations and career success among research,and development and engineering professionals

Managing the careers of research, development and engineering (RD&E) professionals is important to the strategic use of RD&E in the economy. Appropriate mechanisms for motivating RD&E professionals will probably emerge as a critical success factor for organizations that want to compete in world markets. This study examines dimensions and levels of career orientation and their correlations with individual and work-related outcome variables among 78 RD&E professionals. The findings reveal a rich diversity of career orientation in RD&E professionals. The data strongly suggest that RD&E professionals are service, lifestyle and security oriented. However, they scored low on technical orientation and entrepreneurship. This paper suggests that the dual career ladder is not an effective device for managing RD&E professionals. Organizations must be careful to provide career paths that retain and motivate workers and, more importantly, find matches between organizational needs and individuals' needs, and restructure jobs accordingly. The authors offer suggestions for future research and identify implications for management.     

Modeling Pathology Workload and Complexity to Manage Risks and Improve Patient Quality and Safety

Anatomic pathology (AP) laboratories provide critical diagnostic information that help determine patient treatments and outcomes, but the risks of AP operations and their impact on patient safety and quality of care remain poorly recognized and undermanaged. Hospital-based laboratories face an operational and risk management challenge because clinical work of unknown quantity and complexity arrives with little advance notice, which results in fluctuations in workload that can push operations beyond planned capacity, leading to diagnostic delays and potential errors. Modeling the dynamics of workload and complexity in AP offers the opportunity to better use available information to manage risks. We developed a stock-and-flow model of a typical AP laboratory operation and identified key exogenous inputs that drive AP work. To test the model, we generated training and validations data sets by combining data from the electronic medical records and laboratory information systems over multiple years. We demonstrate the implementation of 10-day AP work forecast generated on a daily basis, and show its performance in comparison with actual work. Although the model somewhat underpredicts work as currently implemented, it provides a framework for prospective management of resources to ensure quality during workload surges. Although full implementation requires additional model development, we show that AP workload largely depends on few and accessible clinical inputs. Recognizing that level loading of work in a hospital is not practical, predictive modeling of work can empower laboratories to triage, schedule, or mobilize resources more effectively and better manage risks that reduce the quality or timeliness of diagnostic information.     

Work and shopping overflow — Consequences and differentiation among selected psychological and demographic characteristics

Contemporary individuals are forced to deal with excessive stimulation, which causes an overload in the cognitive and emotional areas. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible factors differentiating the perceived level of work and shopping overflow experienced by individuals and consequences of these states. Two psychological variables: cognitive control and sensation seeking, are chosen as potential factors differentiating the perceived levels of overflow. We assume that individuals with high cognitive control and sensation seeking will report lower levels of both types of examined overflows. Experiencing low overflow levels may manifest in the search for additional stimuli, rather than in the desire to limit them. Two indexes of behavior connected to seeking extra stimulation are selected: one belonging to the area of consumer behavior (readiness to participate in the experience economy) and one belonging to vocational behavior (choosing a boundaryless career). The quantitative study is conducted on a sample of 297 management students who are currently employed. The research results support the relation between cognitive control and perceived level of work and shopping overflow. Individuals who can cognitively control the situation and the incoming stimuli report lower levels of overflow. No significant relationship between sensation seeking and the level of overflow is found. The demographic variables that influence the perceived overflow are age and salary for work overflow and age for shopping overflow. As far as consequences of overflow are concerned, a low level of shopping overflow is related to readiness to participate in the experience economy. However, there is no link between work overflow and preferred career pattern. The managerial implications for human resource management and marketing strategy design are discussed.     

Review and reappraisal of modelling and predicting mental workload in single- and multi-task environments

The concept of mental workload has long been recognized as an important factor in individual performance within complex systems. It is documented that either overload or underload may degrade performance, and further affect the efficiency of the whole system. Therefore, systems designers need some explicit models to predict the mental workload imposed on individuals by the system at an early design phase so that alternative system designs can be evaluated. In examining mental-workload literature, it is found that few predictive mental-workload models have considered factors specific to individuals. This research aims to develop a practical framework for predicting mental workload in both single- and multi-task environments considering such individual factors. In order to describe mental workload more precisely and more completely, a framework for mentalworkload definitions, which contains instantaneous workload, average workload, accumulated workload, peak workload and overall workload, is proposed. In order to model individual factors, two new variables, i.e. effective workload and ineffective workload, are introduced to model the taskgenerated workload and individual-generated workload. The extension of the model to multi-task environments is also discussed. The proposed conceptual models are domain-independent and could be used to guide the development of operational models for different specific tasks.