国家如何塑造抗争政治——关于社会抗争中国家角色的研究评述

围绕国家如何塑造抗争政治这一核心问题,本文对社会抗争研究领域相关文献进行了梳理。本文将抗争政治研究中的国家区分为稳定的政治结构、较为稳定的政治环境和变化的政治背景三个概念层次,这三个层次上的诸多要素都对社会抗争的兴起、形式和结果以及对抗争主体的身份认同和行动能力产生了重要影响。本文进一步讨论了中国研究中所呈现出的国家与社会抗争的关系,并结合中国经验对抗争政治研究提出了反思。     

不完全逆群体性:“空巢青年”的社会关联

伴随现代性日益彰显出多元形态,个体化与群体性成为社会行动的二元对立统一。当"空巢青年"逆群体性行动对规则遵从与社会关联产生影响,该群体就会在自我确证与反思中进行合法性探寻。"空巢青年"逆群体性张力结构造成传统规则衰微,将行动合法性诉求纳入"抽象社会"规则遵从的工具化轨道。"空巢青年"的社会关联是规则遵从下秩序建构与社会整合方式,它使得个体化背景下理性社会发展的自诀得以可能。"规则—行动—秩序"的解释框架可对"空巢青年"的产生基础、行动逻辑和功能的合法性进行论述。     

“强国家-强社会”的平衡模

过去。人们过分重视国家．忽视社会，国家与社会是高度一体化的；当前，国家与社会虽然开始分离，但两者的关系仍处于失衡状态。我们要以“强国家一强社会”为目标，切实增强国家的权威性和社会的自主性，实现国家与社会的良性互动。     

“港独”分离主义对青年国家认同的影响与应对策略

青年国家认同研究是思想政治教育学的基本研究领域,培育青年国家认同是思想政治教育的重要内容和核心目标。近年来,香港不断发生青年团体以疏离大陆为目的的社会运动,香港青年的国家认同因之受到挑战。"港独"分离主义思潮是影响香港青年国家认同的主要消极因素,它通过设置敏感议题、扭曲本土意识、操纵街头政治运动、强化分离主义理论伪装、煽动陆港对立等方式蓄意扩大在青年中的影响,以达到消解香港青年国家认同,并最终谋求香港独立的政治目的。解决这个问题需要政府和社会形成合力,从意识形态话语建设、历史文化传统教育、政治法律制度规制、经济社会参与融合等方面稳步推进,全面清除"港独"分离主义的生存空间,最终加强培育香港青年的国家认同。     

消费主义视阈下“90后”大学生的国家认同与政治认同

消费主义作为一种"去意识形态"的意识形态,通过形而下的生活方式和消费内容,不同程度地影响和削弱当代大学生的国家、民族认同与政治认同,降低民族凝聚力、向心力、整合力,并进而影响到国家统一、民族团结和政治安定。因此,必须从意识形态安全、国家软实力等方面考虑,重视消费主义对大学生的国家认同、民族认同和政治认同方面的影响,从学校教育、家庭教育、社会教育和自我教育四个方面完善和提高大学生的国家认同、民族认同与政治认同,抵御消费主义文化的消极影响。     

论“思想自由,行动守法”

斯宾诺莎曾对关于人的哲学体系进行过深入的研究,在其一生的探寻中,有关思想、心灵、自由的话题引起了诸多讨论。思想上的自由是广阔的,是不可阻碍的,它包括你的信仰、理论和你对任何事物的看法。然而思想上的绝对自由并不代表行动上的绝对自由,在法治社会国家成立之后,思想的自由必须以行动的守法作为保障,以维护社会的秩序。本文将从斯宾诺莎的思想观念出发,着重讨论思想自由和行动守法两个问题,最后将思想与行动有机结合,探求其意义。     

“精神裂变”的背后

这些年,中国发生了巨大的变化,一方面,中国经济、国家实力在全球金融危机和中东社会大动荡的背景下“风景这边独好”;另一方面,曾经被称为社会主体的新中产、新小资正在逐渐滑向席丝、新穷人、暮色青春的“囧途”。这就成为周志强的新书《这些年我们的精神裂变》的写作背景和核心关切,作者开篇就使用高速公路作为时代的政治隐喻：开车人既分享窗外风景风驰电掣的快感,又切身感受到收费站拥堵和盘剥所带来的沮丧,而搭建高速公路的双头魔术师正是国家与资本。     

国家为未成年人生存权“买单”

青少年是未来社会的主人,今天青少年成长中打下的烙印,将直接影响到未来社会的和谐。生存权是未成年人权利中最基础的权利,生存权如果不能保障,其他的权利都是空话。成长中因生存的艰难,过早地感受人间的冷暖,直接影响其心理的成长,而这心理的积淀又无不影响着未来社会的安全、风气和人情。国家为未成年人生存权“买单”,不但对保护青少年成长中的身心健康有着极其重要的意义,也将直接促进社会长久的和谐。     

文化传播对树立中国国家形象的作用

自改革开放以来,中国以及中国的国家形象都发生了翻天覆地的变化,以至于＂中国形象＂的更新无法与中国的现实变化同步进行。本文旨在探讨如何利用文化的传播过程来树立良好的国家形象,纠正国际社会对中国国家形象的误判,为中国在国际社会中的发展创造有利条件。     

当代社会政策中的公共行动与个人责任

社会政策行动是一种在政府主导下民众广泛参与的公共行动体系，其基本方式是通过国家进行再分配和提供公共产品的方式去满足全体社会成员的需要。因此，社会政策是一种公共性的行动过程，是通过公共行动（如税收等）去调动必要的资源（如资金等），并依照社会的公共目标去进行再分配和提供公共服务（如教育、医疗、社会福利等）。     

The Role of Organized Labor in Civil Society

Organized labor has served as a valuable element of civil society. The focus of this inquiry is how the decline of organized labor contributes to the weakening of the civil sphere. I first assess how unions have historically contributed to the positive functions of civil society. I then review the various factors that have led to the deterioration of organized labor and comment on the current state of the labor movement. I conclude with a discussion of the implications in terms of civil society and market culture.     

Approaches to civil society in authoritarian states: The case of China

Both civil society in China and research on Chinese civil society have developed profoundly over the last three decades. Research on Chinese civil society can be classified into two categories: a structure‐oriented approach and an agency‐oriented approach. Both approaches acknowledge the state's dominant position in restricting the political space for civil society engagement, but they differ in their understanding of state–civil society relations. A key concern within the structure‐oriented approach is to analyze how the autonomy of civil society organizations is shaped by their structural position vis‐à‐vis the state. Agency‐oriented scholars, on the other hand, reject the analytical focus on structural autonomy. Instead, they build on a more nuanced understanding of the authoritarian yet nonmonolithic context in China and analyze how civil society organizations develop specific strategies to be able to operate within their restricted political space. In particular, agency‐oriented scholars have analyzed two ways in which organizations exercise agency: by strategically developing formal or informal ties with state actors and by bringing their engagement into the public sphere to raise awareness and express their voice. What could be further developed in the agency‐oriented approach is, however, a deeper understanding of the political dimensions of civil society agency.     

Civil Society Opposition to Nonferrous Metals Mining in Montana

This paper discusses the opposition of civil society to nonferrous metals mining in Montana. The mineral resources and mining history of Montana are discussed, as is the vibrant civil society of that state. Montana’s civil society has opposed mining due to its environmental effects, particularly upon areas of high conservation value. This opposition has involved litigation and the implementation of a ban on the use of cyanide by the mining industry. The paper concludes with a discussion of whether this opposition to mining has damaged the economy of the state and Montana’s future as an example of the “New West,” wherein amenities based growth act as the principal agent of economic activity.     

'Sites' of resistance: alternative websites and state-society relations

Much attention has been focused on Singapore's attempt to use information technology to build a knowledge-based economy. This paper examines the implications of the unintended consequences of the Internet in the restructuring of state and society relations in Singapore. We use the data on Singapore-based and Singapore-related websites to show (a) the diversity of positions expressed by civil society organizations, fringe groups and even mainstream segments of society; (b) the negotiation process between the state and civil society over various rights and how developments in cyber-space have implications for 'reality'; (c) how censorship and content regulation itself is a more complex multi-dimensional process such that while local politics is regulated, the multi-ethnic character of the resident population has led to greater religious tolerance such that religious groups banned in some countries have found a safe haven in Singapore and have used the city-state as a strategic Internet node.     

The state and the development of an information society: Greek policy and experience

The paper looks into the dynamics of information society policy and its implementation in the Greek context. It argues that information society development is a contested process, influenced by pre‐existing state, economy and society relations. Based on this, it looks into the different aspects of the idiosyncratic path which the evolution of the Greek information society has followed, particularly after 2000. Using Bob Jessop's strategic‐relational approach (SRA) to the state as an analytical framework and drawing on a number of in‐depth interviews with relevant political actors, it provides insights into policy implementation by examining: the public management of information technology projects, how such projects were received in bureaucratic structures and practices, as well as the relationship between the state and the information and communication technology (ICT) sector in public procurement processes. The emphasis is on the period 2000–2008, during which a major operational programme on the information society in Greece was put into effect. The paper also touches upon the post‐2008 experience, suggesting that information society developments might include dynamics operating independently and even in contradiction to the state agenda.     

Don Juan: A Universal Theme in Ukrainian Drama

This article uses the University of Calgary Gorbachev Foundation Public Policy Project (UCGF99) as a case study for exploring the challenges of international participation in promoting reform of the content and context of public policy in postcommunist Russia. Drawing on evidence from a series of interviews with Russian and Canadian participants, it focuses on how cultural and power issues played out in UCGF99’s work. Because public policy stands at the juncture between state and society, public policy reform is an ideal rubric for exploring how values accompany aid and the way that the culture of the receiving society shapes the implementation of that aid. The interviews reveal an inherent tension between the ideal of egalitarian co-operation and the reality that the work done by the partnership was dedicated, ultimately, to the “reform” of one side by the other. They also highlight the extent to which reform is a process of translation: as concepts and international models make the transition to another society, their own cultural specificity becomes apparent, as does the challenge of translating them in a manner meaningful to the society undergoing “transition.” This article focuses on two related questions of translation: how issues of language, culture and power played out in the “consultant” structure of UCGF99 partnerships, and the concrete challenges of transforming Russian political culture using Canadian models.     

Changes in the Chinese overseas population, 1955 to 2007

Two approaches have been adopted to study Chinese overseas. The first one stresses homeland ties and sojourning mentality; the second one focuses on host society conditions and the social construction of Chinese. This paper analyzes the population of Chinese overseas after the Second World War, which has increased steadily over time but unevenly by region from 11 million in 1955 to 39 million in 2007. Certain historical factors and contemporary forces explain the uneven growth. The paper argues that undue emphasis on homeland influence is unwarranted in view of the importance of how receiving society and its policy of accommodation have shaped the growth and development of Chinese overseas communities after the Second World War.     

Promoting human rights in the era of globalization and interventions: the changing spaces of struggle

A new cartography of geopolitical and corporate interests is reshaping the international order after September 11, calling into question the state's ability to secure fundamental rights for its citizens and to preserve participatory democracy. If civil society tends, among human rights activists, to be the preferred venue to articulate human rights concerns against the state and other powerful entities, one may wonder whether civil society has not become an arena dominated by consumerism or the pursuit of security. With the weakening of social forces for human rights in civil society as a buffer between the state and the private realm, how can we protect individuals from deepening incursions by the state and the globalized market in our age of war against terror? This article considers these issues, by placing them in historic context. More specifically, it examines how selected events since the Second World War have transformed the spaces which support and shape campaigns for human rights struggle.     

Networks of social capital: Extending a public relations model of civil society in Peru

Scholars have argued that public relations can and indeed must be used to improve society. This article builds on the work of Taylor and Doerfel (2005), who advocated for the continued study of civil society through the lens of public relations theory. This study contributes to a normative public relations model of civil society by examining how interorganizational relationships, which may initially be established for purposes of resource exchange, benefit civil society through the creation and maintenance of social capital. The study examined a segment of Peruvian civil society dedicated to media development, as media is a key partner in building civil society (Taylor, 2009). The results of the study help to explain how interorganizational relationships contribute to the creation of social capital in a civil society network, and how certain network positions are integral to maintaining the social capital of a community of actors. Implications for the role of public relations in building and maintaining networks of interorganizational communities are discussed.     

Beyond the undertheorized role of organizational power as political power in theories of the state

Critics express concerns over the theoretical pluralism in theories of the state and state power. This paper explores how organizational theories can provide more focus to theories of the state and state power thereby increasing their explanatory power. After summarizing concerns raised by political sociologists over pluralism in theories of the state and state power, the analysis focuses on existing theories of the state that employ concepts from organizational theory to understand the organizational state and its relationship to society. Particular attention is given to the state as a resource extraction and distribution mechanism, the resource dependent relationships among organizational entities inside and outside the state, and the power relations between states and organizations in their environment. This focus brings greater attention to the how groups, corporations, industries, and class fractions exercise power through organizations to influence the policy formation process.