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1.
In this paper we estimate the size of several categories of “Israeli” immigrants in the United States. According to the 1990 U.S. census, there were about 95,000 Israeli-born immigrants in the United States in that year. Using the language and ancestry information available in the Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) of the 1990 census, we estimate that of this total, about 80,000 are Jews and 15,000 are Palestinian Arabs born in Israel. In addition to the Israeli-born, we present a range for the number of Jewish immigrants from Israel who are not Israeli-born (about 30,000-56,000). Thus our estimate for the total number of Jewish immigrants from Israel in the United States in 1990 is between 110,000 and 135,000. Fertility information available in the PUMS, also enable us to provide estimates for the number of second-generation Israelis in the United States in the 1990 (about 42,000). Finally, using both the 1980 and 1990 PUMS, we provide estimates for the rate of return migration among Israeli-born Jewish immigrants in the United States. 相似文献
2.
Although immigrants to the United States earn less at entry than their native-born counterparts, an extensive literature has found that immigrants have faster earnings growth that results in rapid convergence to native-born earnings. However, recent evidence based on U.S. Census data indicates a slowdown in the rate of earnings assimilation. We find that the pace of immigrant wage convergence based on recent data may be understated in the literature as a result of the method used by the census to impute missing information on earnings, which does not use immigration status as a match characteristic. Because both the share of immigrants in the workforce and earnings imputation rates have risen over time, imputation match bias for recent immigrants is more consequential than in earlier periods and may lead to an underestimate of the rate of immigrant wage convergence. 相似文献
3.
Arab immigrants in the United States: how and why do returns to education vary by country of origin?
Using U.S. census data, the authors analyze the earnings of Arab males who completed their schooling before migrating to the
United States. There is little return to precollege education, but education beyond 12 years is rewarded highly. Although
Arabs share a common ethnicity, they are not a homogeneous group. Returns to education vary significantly by source-country,
e.g., high for immigrants from Kuwait, low for Yemeni immigrants. Returns are related to economic development in the source-country
and to pupil/teacher ratios. These findings have implications for immigration policy and point to the hazards of generalizing
on the basis of ethnicity. 相似文献
4.
Abstract. This paper analyzes self-selection of returning immigrants. We propose an empirical model for this purpose, and apply it to Israeli-born immigrants who arrived in the United States during 1970–79 and returned to Israel during 1980–89. The results, based on analyses of the 5 per cent Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) of the 1980 and 1990 United States censuses, suggest that those who return from the United States to Israel have reached a higher level at school than those who remain in the United States. However, the income analysis suggests that, at each schooling level, those who returned to Israel would have been less successful in the United States labour market than Israelis of similar schooling (and other measured characteristics) who remained in the United States. These results were corroborated using Israeli census data that include information on returning Israelis. 相似文献
5.
Barry R. Chiswick 《Population research and policy review》1983,2(1):21-33
Current U.S. immigration policy places a heavy emphasis on kinship ties with a U.S. citizen or resident alien in rationing immigration visas. An alternative policy is to focus on the skills of visa applicants. Immigrants with higher levels of schooling and with skills that are more readily transferable to the U.S. labor market are more productive, as measured by their earnings. A larger proportion of skilled workers in a cohort of immigrants tends to narrow the differences in earnings among skill groups in the native-born population. This reduces income inequality and reduces the use of income transfers by the low-skilled native-born population. More highly-skilled immigrants also make less use of income-contingent transfers. A point-system would be necessary to combine the multidimensional aspects of skill. The adoption of skill-based rationing with a point system in Canada led to an increase in the skill level of the immigrants. 相似文献
6.
Schultz TP 《Journal of population economics》1998,11(2):239-252
Empirical research on US immigrants is reviewed: their productivity and assimilation; their contribution and use of public
services; and their impact on native Americans. I discuss the characteristics of cohorts of immigrants that enter the United
States at different times, and then quantify the assimilation of immigrants, typically in terms of economic productivity of
immigrants compared with natives. Few have found quantifiable negative effects of immigrants on native wages or unemployment
in local labor markets, but a more general equilibrium approach than has been empirically implemented may be needed to draw
any conclusions regarding the distributional consequences of immigration.
Received: 22 September 1995 / Accepted: 2 March 1997 相似文献
7.
A Cooper 《Journal of homosexuality》1989,18(3-4):83-94
The organized movement of lesbian and gay Jews took root in the mid-1970s when groups of Jewish homosexuals in the United States, England, and Israel began gathering for religious, educational, and social purposes. After centuries of denial, the Jewish community was faced with the reality of this increasingly visible and vocal minority. By 1989, nearly 30 groups of Jewish gay men and women throughout the world were part of the World Congress of Gay and Lesbian Jewish Organizations, an international body devoted to community education about homophobia and support for both member and newly emerging gay Jewish groups. 相似文献
8.
Effects of the immigration act of 1965 on selected population characteristics of immigrants to the United States 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Charles B. Keely 《Demography》1971,8(2):157-169
Recent changes in immigration law have affected the characteristics of immigrants coming to the United States. The major changes in immigration policy contained in the 1965 Immigration Act, which amended the McCarran-Walter Act of 1952, concerned the abolition of the quota system, preference system and labor clearances for certain classes of immigrants. The effects of these policy changes on two controversial characteristics of immigrants, their country of origin and occupational levels, are traced. The law led to clear changes in origin of immigrants. Southern European, Asian and Caribbean immigrants make up a larger proportion of immigrants than previously. Although the volume of immigration increased, the distribution of occupational levels remained about the same. The sources of the various occupational groups shifted to some extent, especially the professional level from Asian countries. Some effects of the policy changes and the changes in population characteristics on the American social and political scene are briefly outlined. 相似文献
9.
Reed D 《Demography》2001,38(3):363-373
In this paper I investigate the impact of recent immigration on males' earnings distributions in the major regions of the United States. I use six counterfactual scenarios to describe alternative regional skill distributions and wage structures for the population of natives and long-term immigrants in the absence of recent immigration. I find that immigration over the last three decades can account for a substantial portion of the variation in inequality across the regions. Recent immigration has contributed moderately to national growth in males' earnings inequality, primarily by changing the composition of the population. 相似文献
10.
Determinants of Life Satisfaction Among Immigrants from Western Countries and from the FSU in Israel
Karin Amit 《Social indicators research》2010,96(3):515-534
This study examines the integration of immigrants via their satisfaction with life in the new country. While most studies
on immigrant integration have focused on objective integration parameters such as education, occupation and salary (e.g.,
Borjas in Friends or strangers: the impact of immigrants on the US economy. Basic Books, New York, 1990), subjective parameters have traditionally received less attention. However, in recent years it has become increasingly clear
that subjective perceptions carry considerable weight in the social-integration process of immigrants (McMichael and Manderson
in Human Organ 63(1):88–99, 2004; Massey and Redstone in Soc Sci Q 87(5):954–971, 2006). The study group consists of Jewish immigrants who arrived in Israel during the past two decades from two different regions
of origin: Western countries, and the Former Soviet Union (FSU). All of these immigrants are generally highly educated and
skilled, but they came to Israel from different societies and contrasting motives. The objective of this study is to learn
about the integration of these immigrants via their satisfaction with life in Israel and to understand the factors that explain
it, taking into account the differences between the immigrant groups. The findings, based on the 2007 Ruppin representative
survey data (The data for this study was obtained with the support of the Israeli Ministry of Immigrant Absorption.), point
to significant differences between the two immigrant groups under discussion. Western immigrants are more satisfied with their
lives in Israel than FSU immigrants and have higher scores in most of the independent variables tested. The multivariate analyses
for predicting an immigrant’s life satisfaction reveal that those reporting the greatest satisfaction are women, religious,
with a high standard of living, with no academic education, and stronger Israeli identity (personal and as perceived by others).
In addition, different variables play a role in predicting the life satisfaction for each immigrant group. This knowledge
may be of service to Israeli policymakers dealing with the immigration and integration of highly skilled immigrants in Israeli
society. 相似文献
11.
Rivera-batiz FL 《Journal of population economics》1999,12(1):91-116
This paper studies the differences in earnings between Mexican legal and illegal immigrants in the United States. The analysis
includes a cross-sectional examination of the wage differences between legal and undocumented workers as well as a longitudinal
analysis examining the impact of legalization on the earnings of previously-undocumented workers. It is shown that the average
hourly wage rate of male Mexican legal immigrants in the United States was 41.8% higher than that of undocumented workers
while female legal immigrants earned 40.8% more. Though illegal immigrants have lower education and English proficiency, and
a shorter period of residence in the United States, than legal immigrants, it is shown that differences in the observed characteristics
of legal and illegal immigrants explain only 48% of the log-wage gap between male legal and illegal workers and 43% of the
gap for women. An analysis of undocumented immigrants legalized after the 1986 U.S. immigration policy reform shows significant
wage growth in the four years following legalization. These gains are due mostly to the change in legal status itself, not
to changes in the characteristics of immigrants over time.
Received: 7 July 1997/Accepted: 16 March 1998 相似文献
12.
Pathways to legal immigration 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this paper we use the New Immigrant Survey Pilot Study (NISP) todescribe the amount and kind of experience that immigrants accumulate in the United States before they become permanent resident aliens. The NISP surveyed a representative sampleof legal immigrants who acquired residence papers during July and August of 1996, yielding a completed sample of 1,135 adults. Our analysis revealed that roughly two-thirds of thesenewly arrived immigrants had prior experience in the United States within one of six basic categories: illegal border-crossers, visa abusers, non-resident visitors, non-resident workers, students or exchange visitors, and refugees/asylees. Each of these pathways to legal immigration wasassociated with a different profile with respect to nationality, social background, and economic status. Using simple earnings regressions we demonstrate how these differences can yield misleading conclusions about the process of immigrant adaptation and assimilation, even if measured effects are reasonably accurate. We suggest that social scientists should changethe way they think and ask about immigrants' arrival in the United States. 相似文献
13.
Prior research seeking to explain variation in extended family coresidence focused heavily on the potentially competing roles
of cultural preferences and socioeconomic and demographic structural constraints. We focus on challenges associated with international
immigration as an additional factor driving variation across groups. Using 2000 census data from Mexico and the United States,
we compare the prevalence and age patterns of various types of extended family and non-kin living arrangements among Mexican-origin
immigrants and nonimmigrants on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border. Additionally, we use the Survey of Income and Program
Participation to examine the stability of extended family living arrangements among Mexican-origin immigrants and natives
in the United States. We find that newly arrived immigrants to the United States display unique patterns in the composition
and stability of their households relative to nonimmigrants in both Mexico and the United States. Recent immigrants are more
likely to reside in an extended family or non-kin household, and among those living with relatives, recent immigrants are
more likely to live with extended family from a similar generation (such as siblings and cousins). Further, these households
experience high levels of turnover. The results suggest that the high levels of coresidence observed among recently arrived
Mexican immigrants represent a departure from “traditional” household/family structures in Mexico and are related to the challenges
associated with international migration. 相似文献
14.
Few prior studies have investigated the health of U.S. immigrants from the former Soviet Union (FSU). Utilizing data from
the 2000 U.S. census and the 2000–2007 National Health Interview Survey (NIHS), we compare levels of disability of FSU immigrants
with U.S.-born whites (ages 50–84). Our findings suggest an “epidemiologic paradox” in that FSU immigrants possess higher
levels of education compared with U.S.-born whites, but report considerably higher disability with and without adjustment
for education. Nonetheless, FSU immigrants report lower levels of smoking and heavy alcohol use compared with U.S.-born whites.
We further investigate disability by period of arrival among FSU immigrants. Changes in Soviet emigration policies conceivably
altered the level of health selectivity among émigrés. We find evidence that FSU immigrants who emigrated during a period
when a permission to emigrate was hard to obtain (1970–1986) displayed less disability compared with those who emigrated when
these restrictions were less stringent (1987–2000). Finally, we compare disability among Russian-born U.S. immigrants with
that of those residing in Russia as a direct test of health selectivity. We find that Russian immigrants report lower levels
of disability compared with Russians in Russia, suggesting that they are positively selected for health despite their poor
health relative to U.S.-born whites. 相似文献
15.
Tod G. Hamilton 《Demography》2014,51(3):975-1002
Research suggests that immigrants from the English-speaking Caribbean surpass the earnings of U.S.-born blacks approximately one decade after arriving in the United States. Using data from the 1980–2000 U.S. censuses and the 2005–2007 American Community Surveys on U.S.-born black and non-Hispanic white men as well as black immigrant men from all the major sending regions of the world, I evaluate whether selective migration and language heritage of immigrants’ birth countries account for the documented earnings crossover. I validate the earnings pattern of black immigrants documented in previous studies, but I also find that the earnings of most arrival cohorts of immigrants from the English-speaking Caribbean, after residing in the United States for more than 20 years, are projected to converge with or slightly overtake those of U.S.-born black internal migrants. The findings also show three arrival cohorts of black immigrants from English-speaking African countries are projected to surpass the earnings of U.S.-born black internal migrants. No arrival cohort of black immigrants is projected to surpass the earnings of U.S.-born non-Hispanic whites. Birth-region analysis shows that black immigrants from English-speaking countries experience more rapid earnings growth than immigrants from non-English-speaking countries. The arrival-cohort and birth-region variation in earnings documented in this study suggest that selective migration and language heritage of black immigrants’ birth countries are important determinants of their initial earnings and earnings trajectories in the United States. 相似文献
16.
National debates about U.S. immigration policy usually involve a blend of three issues: (1) How many immigrants should the United States accept? (2) Where should the immigrants come from? and (3) What criteria should be used in selecting immigrants? The debate and compromise surrounding the Kennedy-Simpson bill, passed by the U.S. Senate in July 1989 and constituting the Senate's latest attempt to reform U.S.legal immigration policy, is no exception. This paper examines the evolution of the Kennedy-Simpson bill, partly to reveal current directions in U.S. immigration policy but more importantly to use this analysis as a prism through which historical continuities in U.S. immigration reforms may be isolated and evaluated. 相似文献
17.
Akresh IR 《Demography》2007,44(4):865-881
New Immigrant Survey-Pilot data are used to address the long-standing debate over whether immigrants to the United States assimilate economically. Using panel data and an individual fixed-effect specification, I find evidence indicating rapid economic assimilation, on the order of an average increase in earnings of 12%-13% during the 12-month survey period. Results indicate partial support for Duleep and Regets' Immigrant Human Capital Investment (IHCI) model, indicating an inverse relationship between initial earnings and earnings growth and showing some evidence of the expected interaction between skill transferability and skill level when predicting human capital investment decisions. Having more years of education, English proficiency, and lower earnings at the baseline are associated with a higher probability of enrolling informal school in the United States. Overall, findings suggest substantial economic integration within the first year after establishing permanent residency. 相似文献
18.
The educational enrollment of immigrant youth: a test of the segmented-assimilation hypothesis 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Hirschman C 《Demography》2001,38(3):317-336
An analysis of 1990 census data on the educational enrollment of 15- to 17-year-old immigrants to the United States provides partial support for predictions from both the segmented-assimilation hypothesis and the immigrant optimism hypothesis. Most immigrant adolescents, especially from Asia, are as likely as their native-born peers to be enrolled in high school, or more so. The "at-risk" immigrant youths with above-average levels of nonenrollment that are not reduced with longer exposure to American society are primarily of Hispanic Caribbean origins (from Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Cuba). Recent Mexican immigrants who arrived as teenagers have nonenrollment rates over 40%, but Mexican youths who arrived at younger ages are only somewhat less likely to be enrolled in school than are native-born Americans. 相似文献
19.
This paper provides an overview of the New Immigrant Survey Pilot (NIS-P), a panel survey of a nationally representative sample of new legal immigrants to the United States based on probability samples of administrative records of the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). The NIS-P links survey information about immigrants' pre- and post-immigration labor market, schooling, and migratory experiences with data available from INS administrative records, including the visa type under which the immigrant was admitted. Results indicate that the procedures followed for locating, interviewing, and reinterviewing respondents yielded representative samples of new legal immigrants and high-quality data. On the basis of data obtained from the first round of the survey, we present new information never before available on the schooling and language skills of new immigrants and their earnings gains from immigration. 相似文献
20.
Immigration to the U.S.: the unfinished story 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Annual totals of new immigrants and refugees in the US may now be up to the record highs of over a million immigrants counted in 6 years between 1905 and 1914. Since 1979, legal immigrants have averaged 566,000 a year (570,009 in 1985), newly arrived refugees and asylees approved have averaged 135,000, and the "settled" illegal immigrant population is growing by up to 1/2 million a year, according to some estimates. 1/2 of illegal immigrants are persons who entered the US legally but then overstayed the terms of temporary visas. Immigration and Naturalization Service apprehensions of illegal aliens, projected at a record 1.8 million for fiscal year 1986, indicate a sharp increase in illegal border crossers, driven by Mexico's and Central America's mounting population and economic pressures and lured by the prospect of jobs with employers who through a loophole in US immigration law can hire illegal aliens without penalty. The Census Bureau estimates that net immigration now accounts for 28% of US population growth and will account for all growth by the 2030's if fertility stays at the current low 1.8 births per woman. Public opinion strongly favors crubs on illegal immigration and legalization of illegal aliens long resident in the US, and in 1986 Congress enacted legislation to reduce illegal immigration to the US. Asians and Latin Americans now make up over 80% of legal immigrants and Latin Americans comprised 77% of illegal immigrants counted in the 1980 census. Asians far outstrip Latin American immigrants in education, occupational status, and income and might be expected to assimilate in the same manner as earlier immigrant group did. Hispanic immigrants so far appear to favor cultural pluralism, maintaining their own culture and the Spanish language. Research in California indicates that recent Hispanic immigrants (legal and illegal) have helped preserve low-wage industries and agriculture. Illegal immigrants appear to draw more on public health and education services than they pay back in taxes. With or without immigration reform, population and economic pressures in Mexico and the Caribbean Basin ensure that the numbers of people seeking to enter the US are only likely to increase. 相似文献