Increasing Pressure:Impacts of Migration on Cities:

ＩｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇＰｒｅｓｓｕｒｅ：ＩｍｐａｃｔｓｏｆＭｉｇｒａｔｉｏｎｏｎＣｉｔｉｅｓ：￥ＪｉａｎＸｉｎｈｕａ（ＪｉａｎＸｉｎｈｕａｗｏｒｋｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＷｕｈａｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ．...     

Survey:Reemployment of Laid-Off Women

Women have become an increasinglyimportant part of the workforce in Chinatoday. The number of working womenrose from 3 1 .28 million in 1978 (32.6% of total workforce) to 57.45 million in 1997 (38.7%). Thetransition from planned to market economy, however,has caused massive dislocations, posing a seriouschallenge to women employment. Sample surveysconducted by labor departments suggest that of the 13million laid-off workers across the country, 59% arewomen.To develop an understanding of the c…     

Tide of Migrant Labourers:Transfer of Surplus Rural Labour Force

ＴｉｄｅｏｆＭｉｇｒａｎｔＬａｂｏｕｒｅｒｓ：ＴｒａｎｓｆｅｒｏｆＳｕｒｐｌｕｓＲｕｒａｌＬａｂｏｕｒＦｏｒｃｅ￥／／ＮｏｎａｔｉｏｎａｓｌａｒｇｅａｓＣｈｉｎａｈａｓｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｄｓｕｃｈａｇｒｅａｔｓｈｉｆｔｆｒｏｍｒｕｒａｌｔｏｕｒｂａ...     

Education of Children of Migrant Population: A Challenge for Government

AsthefreedomofmovementbecomesmoreaccessibletoordinaryChinese,China'sbigcitiesfaceanincreasinglyseriousproblem:migrantpopulation.Shanghai,China'slargestcity,forexample,hasamigrantpopulationof2.37million(1/6ofitspermanentpopulation),accordingtoa1997samplingsurvey.Whilecontributingtotheirhostcity'sdevelopment,themigrantpopulationfacesaseriesofchallengesintheirdailylife.Oneofthoseistheeducationoftheirchildren.ProblemsAccordingtothesamesurveymentionedabove,ofthe2.37millionmigrantpeoplelivinginSha…     

Bama County: A Land of Longevity

ＢａｍａＣｏｕｎｔｙ：ＡＬａｎｄｏｆＬｏｎｇｅｖｉｔｙＢａｍａＣｏｕｎｔｙ，ｉｎｔｈｅＧｕａｎｇｘｉＺｈｕａｎｇＡｕｔｏｎｏｍｏｕｓＲｅｇｉｏｎｉｎＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａ，ｉｓｗｅｌｋｎｏｗｎｆｏｒａｌｏｎｇｅｒｍｅａｎａｇｅｏｆｉｔｓｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉ...     

Women's stories of birth: a suitable form of research evidence?

In the past one to two decades, midwifery care has taken a new direction, which encompasses a valuing of women's birth experiences. This move has been contingent upon, and congruent with the adoption of 'woman centred' care and a renewed emphasis on normal birth. In line with these developments, women's stories and anecdotes of birth and midwives stories of experience increasingly form the basis of presentations at midwifery conferences and forums. Overall, this philosophical realignment, which commenced in Australia in the early 1990s, has been applauded by many midwives in terms of a greater valuing of the wishes and experiences of childbearing women and as being consistent with a greater promotion of normal birth. Nonetheless, it also gives rise to several questions, regarding the suitability of this form of research evidence. In a bid to answer some of those questions, this paper aims to evaluate the use of stories and anecdotal evidence within midwifery. First, an overview is presented of the way in which stories of pregnancy and birth appear in the literature. Secondly, the value of stories as evidence is critiqued and, finally, the ratio of story based publications, compared to traditional research methodologies, is reviewed. This review aims to address an area poorly attended in the literature and asks specifically: Are women's birth stories a suitable form of research evidence in midwifery?     

Socio-demographic correlates of multiple causes of death: Real or artifactual?

The socio-demographic and epidemiological correlates of the total number of causes of death (TC) reported on death certificates were examined with multiple classification analysis (MCA). The data were all death certificates on white and black adult residents of Michigan who died at ages 25 or older in 1989 to 1991 (n = 222,763). TC was the sum of every morbid condition named as an underlying, intermediate, or immediate cause of death, or other medical condition contributing to death but not to its underlying cause. Autopsies performed for non-forensic reasons by physicians who are not Medical Examiners (MEs) likely yield the most accurate diagnoses of the underlying medical cause and counts of all other attendant causes, but they are extremely selective of decedents who are most closely integrated into the health care system. Thus we required a socio-demographic pattern in TCs to appear in a multivariate analysis not only for this special group of autopsied decedents but also for the non-autopsied masses before accepting the pattern as real' (not an artifact of underreporting of TC or confoundment with another socio-demographic variable).The MCAs showed that age at death and its underlying medical cause were the most important factors related to TC, as suggested by epidemiologic transition theory. Compared with other underlying causes, diabetes, hypertension, and septicemia yielded the highest average TCs. While sex differences were generally not significant within racial groups, somewhat higher average TCs were found for blacks than whites and for lesser educated than for more educated decedents. These patterns in TC by race and education may reflect lifetime disadvantages faced by blacks and the less educated to health care or information about health practices.     

The Joy of Biking Together: Sharing Everyday Experiences of Vélomobility

Abstract

This paper analyses how adults and children elicit and share their everyday experiences of cycling together in a variety of circumstances. Video data were collected of commuter cyclists, family bike rides and school bike tours. Using an ethnomethodologically informed approach to talk, mobile action and interactional practices, the novel video recordings of these diverse vélomobile formations are analysed in order to document how cyclists organise and mobilise their experiences and accompanying emotions in relation to the concurrent activity of biking together. Assuming that displays of emotion are situated, social activities, the analysis focuses on how embodied displays of emotion are accomplished, maintained, assessed and resisted by co-riders in motion.     

Hu Huanyong:Father of China''''s Population Geography

ＰｒｏｆｅｓｏｒＨｕＨｕａｎｙｏｎｇ，ｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｆｏｒｅｆａｔｈｅｒｓｉｎｍｏｄｅｒｎＣｈｉｎａ’ｓｄｅｍｏｇｒａｐｈｙａｎｄａｌｓｏｔｈｅｆｏｕｎｄｅｒｏｆＣｈｉｎａ’ｓｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ｄｉｅｄｏｆｉｌｎｅｓｏｎＡｐｒ...     

Integration of Population with Development:China''''s Practic

ＩｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ：Ｃｈｉｎａ＇ｓＰｒａｃｔｉｃｅＩｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ：Ｃｈｉｎａ＇ｓＰｒａｃｔｉｃｅＸｉａｏＺｉｌｉ（Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｏｒ...     

Mortality From the Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919: The Case of India

Estimates of worldwide mortality from the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 vary widely, from 15 million to 100 million. In terms of loss of life, India was the focal point of this profound demographic event. In this article, we calculate mortality from the influenza pandemic in India using panel data models and data from the Census of India. The new estimates suggest that for the districts included in the sample, mortality was at most 13.88 million, compared with 17.21 million when calculated using the assumptions of Davis (1951). We conclude that Davis' influential estimate of mortality from influenza in British India is overstated by at least 24%. Future analyses of the effects of the pandemic on demographic change in India and worldwide will need to account for this significant downward revision.     

“Kind of like making porn of yourself”: understanding sexting through pornography

This article contributes to the existing literature on sexting and the “sexualisation of culture” by examining how women make sense of their sexting practices by thinking through pornography frames. In doing so, it draws on interview material collected for a study on adult women’s experiences of using digital technology in their romantic and/or sexual relationships. To the women in this study, their private sexual images—as created for the purpose of sexting—were acts of communication that could be both not-pornography and pornography depending on the private and/or public contexts in which they were shared and consumed. They did not distinguish between sexting and pornography based on the content of the images, but based on where they occur and who consumes them. Indeed, they argued that the same private sexual image could take on different meanings, as the predominant conventions within the given context of display and consumption guide the audience’s interpretation. A key argument put forward in this article is thus that, in aiming to understand complex social phenomena like sexting and pornography, we should look to how different types of sexual representations gain meaning within particular contexts as marked by certain conventions.     

Gendering Indicators of Health and Well-being: Is Quality of Life Gender Neutral?

The addition of social indicators and quality of life measures to the raft of traditional health indicators used to assess health and well-being has certainly provided a much-needed contextual understanding of health outcomes. However, most quality of life measures remain undifferentiated by gender. Outcomes can be disaggregated along age, class, ethnic, racial and gender dimensions but few quality of life measures (or social indicators for that matter) are sensitive to the subtle effects of gender socialization on health and well-being. Both social epidemiology and quality of life measures need to be gendered and differentiated to fully capture the diversity of womens and mens health experiences.     

Population forecast accuracy: does the choice of summary measure of error matter?

Population projections are judged primarily by their accuracy. The most commonly used measure for the precision component of accuracy is the mean absolute percent error (MAPE). Recently, the MAPE has been criticized for overstating forecast error and other error measures have been proposed. This study compares the MAPE with two alternative measures of forecast error, the Median APE and an M-estimator. In addition, the paper also investigates forecast bias. The analysis extends previous studies of forecast error by examining a wide range of trend extrapolation techniques using a dataset that spans a century for a large sample of counties in the US. The main objective is to determine whether the choice of summary measure of error makes a difference from a practitioner’s standpoint. The paper finds that the MAPE indeed produces error values that exceed the robust measures. However, except for situations where extreme outliers rendered the MAPE meaningless, and which are rare in real world applications, there was not a single instance where using an alternative summary measure of error would have led to a fundamentally different evaluation of the projections. Moreover, where differences existed, it was not always clear that the values and patterns provided by the robust measures were necessarily more correct than those obtained with the MAPE. While research into refinements and alternatives to the MAPE and mean algebraic percent error are worthwhile, consideration of additional evaluation procedures that go beyond a single criterion might provide more benefits to producers and users of population forecasts.

Seeking control in the midst of uncertainty: Women’s experiences of choosing mode of birth after caesarean

Problem

Clinical practice guidelines indicate that over 80% of women with a previous caesarean should be offered a planned vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC), however only one third of eligible women choose to plan a VBAC. To support informed choices for birth after caesarean, it is necessary to understand the factors that influence women’s decision-making.

‘Walking out’: the mobilities of love

ABSTRACT

In this article, I propose that mobility performs a crucial role in the production and sustenance of intimate relationships and focus, in particular, on courtship practices and their modern-day equivalents. I pursue this discussion through close readings of literary and autobiographical texts from the nineteenth century through to the millennium, and by means of a framework that triangulates the work of Tim Ingold, David Seamon and Henri Bergson. My focus here is on how the mobilities we practice during the everyday routines of courtship – i.e. the paths we make, the routes we take, the roads we travel, the journeys we repeat, the transport we use – come to characterise the relationship concerned and impact upon its progress. Both Ingold’s work on ‘lines’ and Seamon’s on ‘place-ballet’ are conceptually suggestive in this regard and speak to recent work in mobilities/cultural geography on the significance of patterns of movement in the praxis of relationships.     

Editorial: 25 Years Journal of Population Economics

Editorial

Editorial: 25 Years Journal of Population Economics     

Education Status of the Chinese Population: An Overview

Current SituationThe educational level of the population not onlyreflects the quality of the workforce but also theeducational level of a country or region. According tothe 1990 and 2000 population censuses, theeducational level of China has improved significantly.As shown in Table 1, the number of people withvarious levels of education has increasedconsiderably, and in particular, the number of peoplewith higher education has grown.With continuous improvement of people’seducational le…     

Measuring the Effect of Tourism Services on Travelers’ Quality of Life: Further Validation

Neal, Sirgy and Uysal (1999) developed a model and a measure to capture the effect of tourism services on travelers quality of life (QOL). They hypothesized that travelers overall life satisfaction is derived from satisfaction with the primary life domains (e.g., family, job, health). Specifically, overall life satisfaction is derived from two sources of satisfaction, namely satisfaction with non-leisure life domains and satisfaction with leisure life. Satisfaction with leisure life is derived from satisfaction with leisure experiences that take place at home and satisfaction with travel/tourism experiences. Satisfaction with travel/tourism experiences results from satisfaction with trip reflections of the traveler (e.g., what the traveler remembers regarding perceived freedomfrom control, perceived freedom from work, involvement, arousal, mastery, and spontaneity experienced during the trip) and satisfaction with travel/tourism services. Satisfaction with travel/tourism services was hypothesized further to be derived from satisfaction with the service aspects of travel/tourism phases – pre-trip services, en-route services, destination services, and return-trip services. The model was tested using a study of university faculty and staff. The original model was extended by hypothesizing the moderation effect of length of stay. Specifically, we hypothesized that the relationshipsin the model are likely to be more evident in relation to travelers who have more time to experience the tourism services than those who do not. A survey of 815 consumers of travel/tourism services who reside in Southwest Virginia was conducted. As predicted, the data confirmed hypotheses as established in the original model. Satisfaction with tourism services affects travelers QOL through the mediating effects of satisfaction with travel/tourism experiences, and satisfaction with leisure life. Furthermore, the moderating effect of length of stay was confirmed by the data. In sum, this replication and extension study provided additional validational support of the original tourism services satisfaction measure in relation to QOL-related measures.