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1.
An axiomatic approach to intergenerational equity 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
Toyotaka Sakai 《Social Choice and Welfare》2003,20(1):167-176
We present a set of axioms in order to capture the concept of equity among an infinite number of generations. There are two
ethical considerations: one is to treat every generation equally and the other is to respect distributive fairness among generations.
We find two opposite results. In Theorem 1, we show that there exists a preference ordering satisfying anonymity, strong distributive fairness semiconvexity, and strong monotonicity. However, in Theorem 2, we show that there exists no binary relation satisfying anonymity, distributive fairness semiconvexity, and sup norm continuity. We also clarify logical relations between these axioms and non-dictatorship axioms.
Received: 30 August 2000/Accepted: 18 March 2002
This paper is based on Chapt. 4 of my Masters Thesis [15] submitted to Kobe University, and won the Kanematsu Fellowship
from the Research Institute for Economics and Business Administration of Kobe University in May 2001. I am grateful to Jun
Iritani for helpful discussions and encouragement, two anonymous referees of this journal, three anonymous referees of the
Kanematsu Fellowship, Eiichi Miyagawa, Noritsugu Nakanishi, Nguyen Huu Phuc, Hiroo Sasaki, Koji Shimomura, William Thomson,
and Toyoaki Washida for detailed comments. I also thank participants at the spring meeting of Japanese Economic Association
at Yokohama City University in May 2000, at the annual meeting of the Society for Environmental Economics and Policy Studies
in Tsukuba in September 2000, and at the Kanematsu Fellowship Seminar at Kobe University in May 2001 for valuable comments. 相似文献
2.
H. Reiju Mihara 《Social Choice and Welfare》1997,14(4):503-512
In the very general setting of Armstrong (1980) for Arrow’s Theorem, I show two results. First, in an infinite society, Anonymity
is inconsistent with Unanimity and Independence if and only if a domain for social welfare functions satisfies a modest condition
of richness. While Arrow’s axioms can be satisfied, unequal treatment of individuals thus persists. Second, Neutrality is
consistent with Unanimity (and Independence). However, there are both dictatorial and nondictatorial social welfare functions
satisfying Unanimity and Independence but not Neutrality. In Armstrong’s setting, one can naturally view Neutrality as a stronger
condition of informational simplicity than Independence.
Received: 11 August 1994/Accepted: 1 April 1996 相似文献
3.
Yew-Kwang Ng 《Social Choice and Welfare》1999,16(2):197-216
Harsanyi (1997) argues that, for normative issues, informed preferences should be used, instead of actual preferences or
happiness (or welfare). Following his argument allowing him to move from actual to informed preferences to its logical conclusion
forces us to use happiness instead. Where informed preferences differ from happiness due to a pure concern for the welfare
of others, using the former involves multiple counting. This “concerning effect” (non-affective altruism) differs from and
could be on top of the “minding effect” (affective altruism) of being happy seeing or helping others to be happy. The concerning/minding
effect should be excluded/included in social decision. Non-affective altruism is shown to exist in a compelling hypothetical
example. Just as actual preferences should be discounted due to the effects of ignorance and spurious preferences, informed
preferences should also be discounted due to some inborn or acquired tendencies to be irrational, such as placing insufficient
weights on the welfare of the future, maximizing our biological fitness instead of our welfare. Harsanyi's old result on utilitarianism
is however defended against criticisms in the last decade.
Harsanyi (1997) argues, among other things, that in welfare economics and ethics, what are important are people's informed preferences, rather than either their actual preferences (as emphasized by modern economists) or their happiness (as emphasized by early utilitarians). The main purpose of this paper is to argue that, pursuing Harsanyi's argument that
allows him to move from actual to informed preferences to its logical conclusion forces us to happiness as the ultimately
important thing. The early utilitarians were right after all! Since I personally approve of Harsanyi's basic argument, I regard
myself as his follower who becomes more Catholic than the Pope. (It is not denied that, in practice, the practical difficulties
and undesirable side-effects of the procedure of using happiness instead of preferences have to be taken into account. Thus, even if we ultimately wish to maximize the
aggregate happiness of people, it may be best in practice to maximize their aggregate preferences in most instances. This
important consideration will be largely ignored in this paper.) The secondary objective is to give a brief defence of Harsanyi's
(1953, 1955) much earlier argument for utilitarianism (social welfare as a sum of individual utilities) that has received
some criticisms in the last decade. The argument (e.g. Roemer 1996) that Harsanyi's result is irrelevant to utilitarianism
is based on the point that the VNM (von Neumann-Morgenstern) utility is unrelated to the subjective and interpersonally comparable
cardinal utility needed for a social welfare function. Harsanyi's position is defended by showing that the two types of utility
are the same (apart from an indeterminate zero point for the former that is irrelevant for utilitarianism concerning the same
set of people).
Received: 29 May 1997 / Accepted: 3 November 1997 相似文献
4.
We present an extension of the overtaking criterion, called fixed-step overtaking social welfare relation (SWR), and its leximin
counterpart, called fixed-step W-leximin SWR, for the evaluation of infinite utility streams. Our SWRs satisfy Fixed-step
Anonymity. First, we characterize them by using the consistency, called Weak Fixed-step Indifference Consistency, which links
indifference for infinite utility streams to indifference for their truncated vectors that are taken periodically. Second,
we characterize another utilitarian extension, called S{\mathcal{S}}-overtaking SWR, by replacing the consistency with Fixed-step Anonymity. The S{\mathcal{S}}-overtaking SWR is a subrelation of the fixed-step overtaking SWR. Meanwhile, the leximin counterpart of the S{\mathcal{S}}-overtaking SWR coincides with the fixed-step W-leximin SWR, and we obtain its alternative characterization using Fixed-step
Anonymity. Finally, we generalize the impossibility of combining Fixed-step Anonymity with the catching-up SWR by showing
the Pareto and strong consistency axioms satisfied by the catching-up SWR come in conflict with Fixed-step Anonymity. 相似文献
5.
Toyotaka Sakai 《Social Choice and Welfare》2006,27(1):41-54
This paper examines the existence of equitable preferences on intergenerational consumption paths in an infinite horizon setting. There are two ethical considerations that capture the concept of intergenerational equity: inequality aversion in allocations and equality in treating generations. They are embodied in the Pigou–Dalton principle and anonymity, respectively. We investigate the existence of binary relations that satisfy these two axioms, as well as other standard axioms, such as monotonicity, transitivity, or continuity, on various domains. We show that any domain admitting such a binary relation is quite restricted: its interior is empty and contains no sustainable consumption path. 相似文献
6.
Mathias Herup Nielsen Morten Frederiksen Christian Albrekt Larsen 《The British journal of sociology》2020,71(1):112-126
The increased comparative research on perceptions of public welfare deservingness studies the extent to which different subgroups of citizens are deemed worthy or unworthy of receiving help from the welfare state. The concept of deservingness criteria plays a crucial role in this research, as it theorizes a universal heuristic that citizens apply to rank people in terms of their welfare deservingness. Due to the mainly quantitative nature of the research and despite the indisputable progress it has made, the subjective existence and actual application of these deservingness criteria remain a bit of a black box. What criteria of deservingness do citizens actually apply, and how do they apply them? This article opens the black box of welfare deservingness and sheds light on the nature and practice of deservingness criteria. Empirically, the paper explores how the deservingness of immigrants is discussed and established within 20 focus groups conducted in Slovenia, Denmark, UK, and Norway in 2016 with a total of 160 participants. All 20 focus groups discussed the welfare deservingness of immigrants based on similar vignette stimuli. Our analysis shows that (1) deservingness criteria are used both to construct images of target groups and as normative yardsticks; (2) deservingness criteria do not work independently of each other, but rather co-function in specific hybridized discourses; and (3) the moral logic of deservingness is supplemented by alternative moral logics, at least in the case of migrants. 相似文献
7.
Sebastian Bervoets 《Social Choice and Welfare》2007,29(2):295-315
In this paper, the set of outcomes of game forms is introduced as the relevant attribute for evaluating freedom of choice.
These sets are defined as the cartesian product of every individual’s set of available options. It is argued that doing so
is one way of taking into account social interactions when evaluating individual freedom. A set of axioms is introduced, each
of which conveys some intuitions about how interactions affect freedom of choice, axioms by the mean of which two criteria,
the Max and the MaxMin, are characterised for comparing game forms in terms of the freedom of choice they offer. These criteria are based, respectively,
on the comparison of the best and the worst outcome the individual can reach in the game form. 相似文献
8.
The measurement of structural and exchange income mobility 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Chakravarty, Dutta and Weymark (1985) present operational axioms for an ethical index of income mobility that are best suited for a two period world. This paper suggests a decomposition of this index into two terms: (i) an index of structural or snapshot mobility, which captures the welfare effect of differences in the inequality of the cross-section income distributions; and (ii) an index of exchange or rerankings mobility, which captures the welfare impact of rank reversals between the first- and the second-period income distributions. Income inequality reductions and rank reversals are always welfare enhancing. The properties of all the income mobility concepts introduced in the paper do not require any new value judgements beyond the traditional ones. 相似文献
9.
In this paper, we provide axiomatic foundations for social choice rules on a domain of convex and comprehensive social choice
problems when agents have cardinal utility functions. We translate the axioms of three well known approaches in bargaining
theory (Nash 1950; Kalai and Smorodinsky 1975; Kalai 1977) to the domain of social choice problems and provide an impossibility
result for each. We then introduce the concept of a reference function which, for each social choice set, selects a point from which relative gains are measured. By restricting the invariance
and comparison axioms so that they only apply to sets with the same reference point, we obtain characterizations of social
choice rules that are natural analogues of the bargaining theory solutions.
Received: 8 August 1994/Accepted: 12 February 1996 相似文献
10.
This paper proposes a general framework for analyzing a class of functions called social aggregators, which map profiles of linear orders to a set of binary relations. This class of aggregators includes aggregators that yield a preference relation (social welfare functions) and those which yield a choice of an alternative (social choice functions). Equipped with this framework, I identify a property called Preference Reversal (PR) such that any Pareto efficient aggregator having this property must be dictatorial. This allows me to state a general impossibility theorem, which includes Arrows Theorem and the Gibbard Satterthwaite Theorem as two special examples. Furthermore, I show that monotonicity and IIA are closely linked, by demonstrating that both are actually special cases of PR in specific environments.Received: 15 October 2001 相似文献
11.
Vicki Cowling Vrinda Edan Rose Cuff Paul Armitage Dassi Herszberg 《Australian Social Work》2013,66(4):406-421
Abstract ‘Getting There Together’ is a professional education seminar developed as a collaborative project by professionals, mental health consumers and carers aimed at service providers who work with children of parents with mental illness and their families. The need for such professional education concerning this group is well recognised and the project reported herein was initiated by a reference group of professionals, consumers and carers focusing on children of parents with mental illness in the Eastern region of Melbourne (Victoria, Australia). The project began and continued as a collaborative effort during development and implementation, which ensured the experience, point of view and voice of consumers and carers was central to the material prepared, and at the time of seminar presentations. Seminar participants were from the family welfare, child care and supported housing sectors. Seminar participants found the first person accounts of consumers and carers the most helpful aspects of the seminars because they gave new insights into the experiences of carers and of mental health consumers as parents, as well as an understanding of ‘… the whole family, and how the child fits into the picture’. 相似文献
12.
Multidimensional inequality and multidimensional generalized entropy measures: An axiomatic derivation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kai-yuen Tsui 《Social Choice and Welfare》1999,16(1):145-157
This paper generalizes the axiomatic approach to the design of income inequality measures to the multiattribute context.
While the extension of most axioms considered desirable for inequality indices is straightforward, it is not entirely clear
when a situation is more unequal than another when each person is characterised by a vector of attributes of well-being. We
explore two majorization criteria which are partial orders ranking distributions of attributes by their degree of inequality.
The two criteria are motivated by the Pigou-Dalton Transfer Principle in the unidimensional context and its equivalent formulation.
These criteria gauge inequality loosely speaking with respect to the dispersion of the multidimensional distribution of the
attributes. They, however, fail to address a different dimension of multivariate inequality pertaining to an increase in the
correlation of the attributes. In this connection, this paper introduces a correlation-increasing majorization criterion proposed
by Boland and Proschan (1988). Finally, in conjunction with other axioms commonly invoked in the literature on inequality,
the majorization criteria lead inexorably to the class of multidimensional generalized entropy measures.
Received: 15 June 1995 / Accepted: 30 September 1997 相似文献
13.
In an infinite-horizon setting, Ferejohn and Page showed that any social welfare function satisfying Arrow’s axioms and stationarity
must be a dictatorship of the first generation. Packel strengthened this result by proving that no collective choice rule
generating complete social preferences can satisfy unlimited domain, weak Pareto and stationarity. We prove that this impossibility
survives under a domain restriction and without completeness. We propose an alternative stationarity axiom and show that a
social welfare function on a specific domain satisfies this modified version and some standard social choice axioms if and
only if it is a chronological dictatorship. 相似文献
14.
Manimay Sengupta 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2009,7(3):273-294
We propose a framework in which the welfare bases of various unemployment measures available in the literature can be analyzed
and a decomposition of these measures can be made into aggregate unemployment and the concentration of its distribution. A
set of axioms for an unemployment measure is then introduced, which relate to the sensitivity of an unemployment measure to
the inequality in the distribution of the unemployment. An unemployment measure is derived on the basis of these axioms that
captures the distributional considerations in the measurement of unemployment.
相似文献
15.
Positive, but non-excessive discounting of future utilities to take account of possible non-realization/survival is not the dictatorship of the present, contrary to Chichilnisky's argument which is ingenious but contains a slip due to the improper treatment of infinity. As the probability of people existing a trillion to the power of a trillion years from now is close to zero, the fact that their voice now is also close to zero should not be regarded as the dictatorship of the present. Correspondingly, Chichilnisky's criterion which gives the welfare of people in year infinity some extra weight over-and-above their due weight in accordance to the realization probability, is not acceptable.
This paper is drafted during my visit to the City University of Hong Kong late in 2001 and revised during my visit to the National University of Singapore in 2002. I am particularly grateful Professors Eden Yu and Euston Quah. The motivation for writing this paper is sparked by my drafting of the theme paper on welfare economics and sustainable development, published as Ng and Wills (2002), for UNESCO and EOLSS. 相似文献
16.
We use a simple graphical approach to represent Social Welfare Functions that satisfy Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives
and Anonymity. This approach allows us to provide simple and illustrative proofs of May's Theorem, of variants of classic
impossibility results, and of a recent result on the robustness of Majority Rule due to Maskin (1995). In each case, geometry
provides new insights on the working and interplay of the axioms, and suggests new results including a new characterization
of the entire class of Majority Rule SWFs, a strengthening of May's Theorem, and a new version of Maskin's Theorem.
Received: 31 July 1999/Accepted: 27 March 2001 相似文献
17.
We propose an extension of Harsanyi’s Impartial Observer Theorem based on the representation of ignorance as the set of all
possible probability distributions over individuals. We obtain a characterization of the observer’s preferences that, under
our most restrictive conditions, is a convex combination of Harsanyi’s utilitarian and Rawls’ egalitarian criteria. This representation
is ethically meaningful, in the sense that individuals’ utilities are cardinally measurable and fully comparable. This allows
us to conclude that the impartiality requirement cannot be used to decide between Rawls’ and Harsanyi’s positions.
We thank D. Bouyssou, A. Chateauneuf, M. Cohen, M. Fleurbaey, E. Karni, J.-F. Laslier, P. Mongin, J. Moreno-Ternero and especially
J. Weymark, as well as seminar audiences at University Pompeu Fabra, University of Cergy-Pontoise, the Roy Seminar and RUD
2006 for useful comments. Comments by two anonymous referees have been extremely useful to improve the paper. Financial support
from an ACI grant by the French Ministry of Research is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
18.
We describe a criterion to evaluate subsets of a finite set of alternatives which are considered as opportunity sets. The axioms for set comparison are motivated within the preference for flexibility framework. We assume the preference over
the universal set of alternatives to be made of two disjoint binary relations. The result is the axiomatic characterization
of a procedure which is formally similar to the leximax ordering, but in our case it incorporates the presence of some uncertainty
about the decision-maker final tastes.
Received: 20 January 1999/Accepted: 20 October 1999 相似文献
19.
M. R. Sertel 《Social Choice and Welfare》1988,5(1):19-29
Abstract aggregations are defined and pertinent conditions of decisiveness, anonymity, unanimity, independence of irrelevant alternatives (stronger than the Arrowian) and non-dictatoriality (logically independent of the Arrowian) are developed for aggregations of choices. The mode is identified as a compromise aggregating variable societies of choices into a social choice, and it is shown (Theorem 4.1) to satisfy these conditions. This non-dictatorial compromise is then characterized (Theorem 5.1) in terms of three axioms paralleling those characterizing the approval voting of Sertel [7].This paper has benefited from helpful discussions with a number of colleagues and students, who are hereby thanked without being implicated for any remaining failings. In particular, earlier versions received the useful comments of participants at the Eighth and Ninth Bosphorus Workshops on Industrial Democracy, July 1983 and August 1984, Boaziçi University, Istanbul: most notably, Nick Baigent, Faruk Gül and Dennis Mueller. The help of Ünal Zenginobuz is also gratefully acknowledged. Finally, an anonymous referee's suggestions led to the addition of clarifying notes relating the notions of independence of irrelevant alternatives and of non-dictatoriality here to the usual Arrowian ones, and it is due to this referee's instigation that the characterization of the mode in Sect. 5 was produced. 相似文献
20.
Edward M. Bolger 《Social Choice and Welfare》2002,19(4):709-721
In the first three sections of this paper we present a set of axioms which provide a characterization of an extension of
the Banzhaf index to voting games with r alternatives, such as the United Nations Security Council where a nation can vote “yes”, “no”, or “abstain”. The fourth section
presents a set of axioms which characterizes a power index based on winning sets instead of pivot sets.
Received: 4 April 2000/Accepted: 30 April 2001 相似文献