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1.
Susan Appe 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2010,21(1):3-21
This study investigates the relationships between nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and the state. It demonstrates that
Colombian state institutions aim to foster “culturally democratic citizens” through decentralization initiatives and participation
mechanisms at the local level. The National Culture Plan is an overarching national policy that intends to be a reference
for governance and civil society participation looking particularly to the players involved in the provision and consumption
of cultural activities for its implementation. It marks a change at the national level as it launches civil society into the
formulation of cultural policies and political participation in general. By examining local nongovernmental organizations
through document and qualitative analysis, the study identifies four types of nongovernmental organizations that self-identified
as working in cultural activities in Bogotá—insiders, yearners, dismissers, and outsiders. These types of NGOs emerged in personal interviews and illustrate that NGO–state relationships vary across the sector. Participation
among the nongovernmental sector is uneven despite institutional reforms and initiatives supported by national legislation.
This article provides data to add to a growing and innovative body of research necessary for professionals in public policy
and nongovernmental management fields. 相似文献
2.
Rachel Hayman Sarah Lewis 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2018,29(2):361-372
In recent years, the international development sector has been affected by major new dynamics in the global political economy, with significant shifts in the aid policies of many donor agencies and changes in funding patterns for recipient countries. This article offers insights into what researchers at INTRAC—a not-for-profit organisation which provides capacity building support to different types of civil society organisation around the world—have learned about the interests, priorities and strategies of international NGOs (INGOs) in relation to aid withdrawal and exit processes based on its experiences of promoting debate and supporting organisations over several years. We identify gaps in the evidence base, including the experience of partners, and changes needed in the policy and practice of INGOs to ensure that responsible exit planning becomes the norm rather than an exception. 相似文献
3.
This paper describes the relationship between donor agencies and government during the development of Lao basic education policy in the post‐Cold War period, 1991‐2000. We argue that Laos had only recently been ‘re‐ born’ from colonial regimes, and was thus unable to resist or mediate donor policy agendas and donors who acted on behalf of economically developed nations. The nature of the power relationship between donor and government is explored through an analysis of policy developed at that time as well as the perceptions of aid conditionalities, as recalled by government officials and those working in the aid sector at that time. These perceptions were gathered through interviews conducted by one of the authors. 相似文献
4.
Liam Swiss 《Sociology Compass》2016,10(1):65-73
This article highlights an emerging research agenda for the study of foreign aid through a World Society theory lens. First, it briefly summarizes the social scientific literature on aid and sociologists' earlier contributions to this research. Next, it reviews the contours of world society research and the place of aid within this body of literature. Finally, it outlines three emergent threads of research on foreign aid that comprise a new research agenda for the sociology of foreign aid and its role in world society globalization. 相似文献
5.
Toward increasing avian diversity: urban wildscapes programs 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Amanda L. Aurora Thomas R. Simpson Michael F. Small Kelly C. Bender 《Urban Ecosystems》2009,12(3):347-358
Residential development in urban and suburban settings is a major cause of habitat change affecting avian communities. The
effects from land-clearing prior to initiation of construction followed by landscaping focused on traditional aesthetics has
reduced habitat diversity at multiple levels. These residential developments generally emphasize the use of ornamental, nonindigenous
vegetation with little to no concern for native species and natural vegetation parameters. As a result, avian community composition
and diversity is changed. We compared avian communities at three sites in Bexar County, Texas; two residential neighborhoods
in the city of San Antonio and an unincorporated undeveloped site, Government Canyon State Natural Area. The residential neighborhoods
were a Texas Parks and Wildlife Department certified wildscapes development and a traditionally developed neighborhood. Bird
abundance and species richness in the neighborhoods were greater than at Government Canyon State Natural Area (P < 0.01), but no differences existed between the neighborhoods. Bird diversity was greatest at the wildscapes neighborhood
(P < 0.01). Further, bird diversity did not differ between the traditional neighborhood and the natural area. Evenness differed
among sites (P = 0.006) with the natural area having the greatest value. Bird diversity measures correlated with woody plant density and
vertical cover (r = 0.358 to 0.673, P < 0.05) at residential sites. Residential areas incorporating natural landscapes into their design attracted a greater variety
of birds than traditionally landscaped residential areas. 相似文献
6.
Dean Chahim Aseem Prakash 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2014,25(2):487-513
A substantial section of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the global South depend on foreign funds to conduct their operations. This paper explores how the availability of foreign funding affects their downward accountability, abilities to effect social change, and their relative influence in relation to traditional grassroots, membership-based organizations (GROs), which tend not to receive such funding. Drawing on a case study of Nicaragua, we challenge the notion that foreign funding of domestic NGOs leads to the evolution of civil society organizations, which have incentives and abilities to organize the marginalized sections of society in ways to effect social change in their interests. Instead, we find that foreign funding and corresponding professionalization of the NGO sector creates dualism among domestic civil society organizations. Foreign funding enhances the visibility and prestige of the “modern” NGO sector over traditional GROs. This has grave policy implications because foreign-funded NGOs tend to be more accountable to donors than beneficiaries and are more focused on service delivery than social change-oriented advocacy. 相似文献
7.
Conclusion Looking to the future of Canadian public sector labor relations, the glass is half full. Despite regular intervals when government
fiscal and economic policy “trump” public sector bargaining rights through legislation, public sector unions and collective
bargaining will survive. Public sector compensation and job security will likely continue to be at least comparable to the
unionized private sector, and public sector union density should remain stable, at or near its currently high levels. 相似文献
8.
Sylvester Monye Emos Ansah Emmanuel Orakwue 《Development policy review : the journal of the Overseas Development Institute》2010,28(6):749-770
The arguments in academia over the effectiveness of foreign aid fall into two broad categories: those grounded in political economy and those focused on donor conduct and aid effectiveness. There have been policy attempts within the donor community to reconcile them, including the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. This article examines the key features of foreign aid to Nigeria between 1999 and 2007. Using the Declaration as a framework, it looks for ways of making foreign aid in Nigeria more effective. 相似文献
9.
《Development policy review : the journal of the Overseas Development Institute》2018,36(Z2):O984-O1003
Sweden is one of the donor countries that signed up for the Paris Agenda, which among other things advocated reducing aid dispersion. It also adopted its own geographical concentration policy in 2007. My empirical analysis shows that Sweden managed to achieve this goal only for two years following the reform and that this was followed by backsliding. Moreover, its current aid policy framework barely mentions the topic. I argue that a major reason was the failure to institutionalize the policy. This left it vulnerable to the regular politics of aid, which tend to generate both geographic and thematic spread. Reduced peer pressure, as the international community has moved away from the Paris Agenda, might also have contributed. 相似文献
10.
埃及被认为是美国在中东地区和阿拉伯世界最坚定的盟友。美国自1979年埃及与以色列签署和平协议以来,每年向埃及提供大量的军事与经济援助。2013年7月3日,埃及民选总统穆罕默德·穆尔西被埃及军队废黜。根据联邦法律,美国暂停对埃及的部分援助。本文从“7·3”事件后美国对埃及援助的变化及其特点、影响援助变化的主要原因进行分析,展现美国对埃及援助政策中的复杂利益和战略考量,根据对历史与现实的分析,预测美国今后对埃援助政策的走势。 相似文献
11.
Chemistry of growth medium and leachate from green roof systems in south-central Texas 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jacqueline A. Aitkenhead-Peterson Bruce D. Dvorak Astrid Volder Nina C. Stanley 《Urban Ecosystems》2011,14(1):17-33
Installation of intensive and extensive green roofs is becoming popular for reducing runoff from impervious surfaces in many
cities around the world. Most studies on runoff quality from green roofs have been conducted in cooler northern climates.
We examined the losses and gains of nutrients, cations and selected anions in planted and unplanted growth medium and compared
these to initial growth medium (IGM) typically used for green roof modules in south-central Texas. Water extracts of growth
medium and leachate from three replicates of unplanted growth medium and three planted species (Sedum kamtschaticum, Delosperma cooperi and Talinum calycinum) were examined. During the first 6 months after establishment we observed high losses of nitrate (25 to 44 mg kg−1), dissolved organic carbon (DOC: 155 to 190 mg kg−1) and nitrogen (DON: 9.0 to 11.2 mg kg−1) and orthophosphate-P (1 to 2 mg kg−1). Average leachate concentrations based on four rain events 6 months after establishment ranged from 0.3 to 6.6 mg L−1 in planted modules and 6.3 mg L−1 in unplanted modules for nitrate-N, 38 to 42 mg L−1 in planted modules and 32 mg L−1 in unplanted modules for DOC, 2.1 to 3.1 mg L−1 in planted modules and 2.1 mg L−1 in unplanted modules for DON and 0.27 to 0.37 mg L−1 in planted modules and 0.40 mg L−1 in unplanted modules for orthophosphate-P. We suggest that after the establishment of green roofs, leachate losses may contribute
some runoff concentrations of nitrogen, carbon and phosphorous in urban areas. 相似文献
12.
Since the early 1990s the Chinese government has allowed foreign humanitarian non-governmental organizations to aid children
residing in official state-run orphanages. As one aspect of a larger research project on child abandonment and forms of orphanage
care in contemporary China, this article examines an innovative state-civil society partnership of a Western infant special
care unit housed within a large official state-run institution. The “Tomorrow’s Children” special care unit, funded and managed by middle-class Western
volunteers, uses First World medical practices and universalistic ideologies of children and childhood to care for the institution’s
most severely ill and disabled children. This article utilizes ethnographic methods to discuss conflicts over children’s best
interests that arise between Western volunteer employers and the local working-class and poor Chinese caregivers who are expected
to implement the imported practices. I contend that disagreements over appropriate childcare hinge on cultural and class-based
understandings of childhood and differential access to social and financial resources. This research grounds discussions of
globalization in a detailed case study by exposing the tensions and negotiations that occur at the local level in processes
of transnational exchange. 相似文献
13.
Ehud Goldhammer Yelena Rivlin Sergei Shnizer Allah Shanati Moran Sagiv Uri Rosenschein 《European review of aging and physical activity》2010,7(1):37-41
The purpose of this paper is to find out whether serum oxidizability potential measured before an exercise test (EXT) correlates
with age and ischemic heart disease severity. Oxidizability potential was determined in 3 age groups, in gr. I patients < 45 years,
in gr. II age range = 45 - 70years {\hbox{range}} = {45} - {7}0{\hbox{years}} , and in gr. III patients > 70 years. Included subjects had chronic ischemic heart disease (IHD) and underwent a symptom-limited
EXT upon initiation of a cardiac rehabilitation program. The thermo-chemiluminescence (TCL) assay was used to assess serum
oxidizability potential. This assay is based on heat-induced oxidation of serum, leading to the formation of electronically
excited species in the form of unstable carbonyls, which further decompose into stable carbonyls and light energy (low chemiluminescence).
Measured photons emission is represented by a kinetic curve which is described by its amplitude and slope (=ratio). We assessed
the correlations of TCL ratio with age, exercise duration, metabolic equivalents (METS), maximal heart rate (mHR), maximal
systolic BP, >1 mm S-T depression, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)> or <40%, previous
myocardial infarction, and aorto-coronary bypass surgery. A high TCL ratio (%) correlated well with METS (r = 0.82), mHR (r = 0.77) and with exercise-induced S-T segment shift (r = 0.86, p < 0.05). A lower serum oxidizability potential, expressed as a low TCL ratio, thus suggestive of a previous high oxidative
stress, was found in the two older age groups compared to gr. I (<45 years), p = 0.041, and in particular, in gr. III patients with low LVEF%. The TCL ratio (%) in gr. III was 188.7 ± 14.5, 192 ± 17 in
gr. II, and 214 ± 13 in gr. I (p < 0.05), and was 166 ± 13.1 in gr. III with LVEF < 45% as compared to 271 ± 15.7 in gr. I patients with LVEF > 45% (p < 0.01). A trend for lower TCL ratio (%) was found in diabetic, hypertensive, and post-coronary bypass surgery patients.
A paradoxically low TCL ratio (low oxidizability potential) was observed in patients without S-T depression compared to patients
with S-T depression (189 ± 22 vs. 201 ± 15, p = NS), due to the fact these patients had a much lower LVEF% and a lower exercise capacity. Serum oxidizability potential
is associated with age, EXT parameters, results, and IHD severity. TCL ratio is an “easy-to-measure marker” that might be
incorporated into risk assessment and prediction in aged IHD patients. 相似文献
14.
Wading birds (i.e, Ardeidae: herons, egrets, and bitterns) are a guild of waterbirds that forage in coastal habitats which
in the US and Europe are often located in close proximity to urban centers. However, the use of urban marine habitats may
have consequences for bird populations, as birds can be subject to stress from increased levels of passive and active human
disturbance. We examined the effects of human disturbance, available foraging habitat, and prey abundance on wading bird density
and species richness at 17 urban coastal sites in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island USA. The sites represented a gradient of
immediately adjacent residential and commercial land use (e.g., 0.0–67.7% urban land use within a 30.5 m buffer of the sites)
within an urban matrix (i.e., all sites were located within a suburban center with a population of about 85,000 people). Wading
bird density (0.62 ± 0.12 birds ha−1) and species richness (average 4.49 ± 0.37 species across all sites) were not influenced by passive human disturbance as
measured by the extent of urban land surrounding a site. However, wading bird density and species richness both decreased
significantly as active disturbance (i.e., number of boats moored or docked upstream of the site) increased (r = −0.56, F = 6.85, p = 0.019 and r = −0.73, F = 16.6, p = 0.001, respectively). In addition, both density (r = 0.72, F = 16.2, p = 0.001) and species richness (r = 0.72, F = 16.2, p = 0.001) increased concomitantly with a prey index that combines the density of fish and invertebrates on which the birds
feed with the amount of available shallow water foraging habitat at a site. Our results suggest that wading birds i) may not
be negatively affected by urban land surrounding estuarine foraging areas in and of itself; and ii) may be utilizing urban
areas in the absence of high levels of active disturbance to take advantage of potentially enhanced prey resources. In the
case where the benefits of foraging at a site outweigh the costs related to human disturbance, urban marine habitats may need
to be considered for restoration or protection from further increases in active human disturbance. 相似文献
15.
Susan Appe Christopher L. Pallas 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2018,29(2):245-255
Questions about aid reduction and its implications are crucial to understanding the future of civil society in many low- and middle-income countries and in post-conflict states. Local civil society in these contexts is often heavily influenced by foreign donors. This article provides an introduction to this theme issue about aid reduction and local civil society. The objective of the introduction and issue articles is to examine the causes of aid reduction and donor withdrawal, the impacts on local civil society organizations (CSOs), and any resulting change in local civil society. We ask: What are the global trends in aid reduction? What impacts does aid reduction have on local CSOs? How do local CSOs respond and adapt? The contributions in this issue demonstrate that aid reduction is indeed global in scale and that impacts and adaptations are often strikingly similar across countries and regions. These similarities form the basis for building new theory but also prompt new questions about the global effects of aid on civil society. 相似文献
16.
Increased density, increased intraspecific aggression, and a reduced fear of humans have been suggested as the more observable
and frequently described characteristics of wildlife species undergoing synurbization, the process of becoming urbanized.
The relationship among these variables and how they may be related to environmental variables that change with urbanization
is poorly understood. In this paper we explore the relationship between density, intraspecific aggression, and reduced fear
of humans in urban populations of gray squirrel. In the summer and fall of 2003 and 2004, we studied a park with a documented
high density of gray squirrels, Lafayette Park, Washington, DC, and six urban parks in Baltimore, MD with unknown squirrel
densities. We used linear regression (SAS Institute, SAS/STAT user’s guide. SAS Institute, Cary, NC, 2005) to determine if there was a relationship (P < 0.05) between squirrel density and intraspecific aggression, squirrel density and reduced fear of humans (wariness), and
squirrel density and habitat suitability. We found a positive association between density and intraspecific aggression (R
2 = 0.81, P < 0.00). A negative relationship between density and wariness (, P < 0.00). However, no relationship was evident between habitat suitability and squirrel density (, P = 0.437). 相似文献
17.
《Information, Communication & Society》2007,10(2):133-157
This paper tests the 'leap-frog' hypothesis by modeling the impact of existing telecommunications infrastructure, controlling for economic, political and demographic factors, on changes in information communication technology (ICT) access for over 200 countries between 1995 and 2005. This study has significantly greater coverage than previous research, in terms of both time frame and country cases. First, the analysis demonstrates that in the first decade of the information society successful leap-frog countries are few and far between. Second, the relative distribution of personal computers, internet hosts and secure servers among the nations of the world has barely improved over the last decade. Third, contrary to received wisdom, most of the countries that might qualify as successful leap-frog countries are actually among the wealthiest in the world. Finally, while policy reform in the telecommunications sector can sometimes speed the diffusion of digital communication tools, the record of market reforms is mixed, and the overall effect of economic wealth is still paramount. In sum, a few poor countries have leapt ahead in the development of a few aspects of ICT infrastructure and use, but these relatively rare successes are more likely to be due to economic productivity than to privatization, regulatory separation and depoliticization, or market liberalization in the telecommunications sector. 相似文献
18.
This paper examines the absorption of foreign aid in the presence of formal and informal production. Calibrating a two-sector open economy model to 67 aid-recipient countries for 1990–2019, we show that an increase in foreign aid drives resources into the informal sector, and away from the formal sector. With untied aid, the expansion of the informal sector can lead to an economic contraction through the Dutch Disease effect. An economic expansion with an increase in the share of formal production can be attained by re-allocating existing aid to public investment rather than an increase in the aggregate level of aid. 相似文献
19.
Yonatan Reshef 《Journal of Labor Research》2001,22(3):635-652
In 1993, the government of Alberta embarked on an ambitious plan to eliminate the provincial debt by 2010 and balance the
budget within four years without raising taxes. The major vehicles to the plan’s achievement were unprecedented budget cuts
and pub-lic sector restructuring. Initially, public sector union leaders were defiant, promising an allout struggle to thwart
policies that jeopardized the unions’ vested interests in job security and organizational survival. More than five years later,
unions have failed to influence in any significant way policy development and implementation. I explore why public sector
unions did not mount any collective action to influence the political discourse in Alberta between 1993 and 1998.
I am indebted to Nicole Lyotier and Nancy Cranston for their excellent research assistance, Helen Lam for comments on an earlier
version of the paper, and all the interviewees for their time and willingness to share valuable information. Financial support
for this study was provided by a Nova Fellowship, Faculty of Business, University of Alberta. 相似文献
20.
《Journal of aging & social policy》2013,25(2-3):45-65
Summary The basic concept of social security is not new in India. Traditionally, a sort of moral economy existed to provide security to older destitute and other vulnerable groups in society. However, gradually, traditional support systems are disappearing, and state-based social security systems have come into existence. Under standardized economic security policies, government is covering retirement benefits for those in the organized sector; economic security benefits for those in the unorganized sector; and old-age pension for rural elderly. These are contributory as well as non-contributory programs. Besides life insurance approaches, savings-linked insurance and Annapurna (food security) are other important programs. However, in terms of coverage, program quality and effectiveness have been largely criticized by social security experts, suggesting immediate reforms to old-age programs. 相似文献