The role of social and cognitive factors in individual gambling: An empirical study on college students

Most of the studies on the determinants of individual gambling behaviour rely on cognitive theories. In our study, we argue that, besides cognitive factors, several social factors might play an important role as well. We analyse data from an ad hoc webmail survey conducted on about 2000 undergraduate students enrolled in a large public university in the Northern Italy in the academic year 2012–13. Using a variety of statistical techniques (standard regression models, boosted regression trees and structural equations models), we show that social variables affect both participation in gambling in the past year and latent gambling propensity. In particular, controlling for several proxies for individual cognitive ability and understanding of probability, gambling propensity is positively affected by the degree of gambling in the social surrounding (parents, peers, neighbourhood) and the acceptability of gambling activities to the individual. Moreover, in our sample of college students the role of social factors appears to be larger than that of cognitive factors, and this is consistent across different types of models and specifications.     

Measures of gender role attitudes under revision: The example of the German General Social Survey

Using the example of the German General Social Survey, this study describes how measures of gender role attitudes can be revised. To date measures have focused on the traditional male breadwinner model. However, social developments in female labor force participation, education, and family structure suggest that a revision and adjustment of existing measures are required. First, these measures need to be supplemented with items that represent more egalitarian models of division of labor and the role of the father in the family. Second, the phrasing of existing items needs to be revised. The results of this study indicate that especially regarding the amount of working hours and the age of children, a specification is needed. This study presents a revised measure, to facilitate analyses over time. This revised measure represents two factors: one referring to traditional and one to modern gender role attitudes.     

The typification of Hispanics as criminals and support for punitive crime control policies

The Hispanic population is now the largest and fastest growing minority in the United States, so it is not surprising that ethnic threat linked to Hispanics has been associated with harsher crime control. While minority threat research has found that individuals who associate blacks with crime are more likely to support harsh criminal policies, the possibility that this relationship exists for those who typify Hispanics as criminal has yet to be examined. Using a national random sample, this study is the first to use HLM to find that perceptions of Hispanics as criminals do increase support for punitive crime control measures, controlling for various individual and state influences. Moderated and contextual analyses indicate this relationship is most applicable for individuals who are less apt to typify criminals as black, less prejudiced, less fearful of victimization, politically liberal or moderate, not parents, and living in states with relatively fewer Latin American immigrants.     

Social mobility in 20 modern societies: The role of economic and political context

It is commonly argued that social mobility rates are influenced by economic and political conditions. Nevertheless, research on this issue has tended to be hindered by two limitations that make it difficult to draw strong conclusions about contextual effects: (1) seldom have country-level and individual-level influences been tested simultaneously, and (2) only rarely have data more recent than the 1970s been employed. We improve on previous research by employing multilevel models fitted to relatively recent survey data collected from 20 modern societies by the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) and national-level characteristics derived from various official sources. Our findings demonstrate systematic cross-national variation in the association between the occupational status of respondents and their fathers. Consistent with the industrialization thesis, this variation is positively associated with per-capita GDP, suggesting that more affluent nations are characterized by more open and fluid stratification structures. Our results also suggest the importance of political regimes and migration for social mobility. In contrast, economic inequality appears to explain very little of the cross-national variation in mobility rates.     

Working and disability expectancies at older ages: The role of childhood circumstances and education

The ability to work at older ages depends on health and education. Both accumulate starting very early in life. We assess how childhood disadvantages combine with education to affect working and health trajectories. Applying multistate period life tables to data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) for the period 2008–2014, we estimate how the residual life expectancy at age 50 is distributed in number of years of work and disability, by number of childhood disadvantages, gender, and race/ethnicity. Our findings indicate that number of childhood disadvantages is negatively associated with work and positively with disability, irrespective of gender and race/ethnicity. Childhood disadvantages intersect with low education resulting in shorter lives, and redistributing life years from work to disability. Among the highly educated, health and work differences between groups of childhood disadvantage are small. Combining multistate models and inverse probability weighting, we show that the return of high education is greater among the most disadvantaged.     

故事的迷恋与混淆的真实——电视节目故事化的原因与问题

故事性表达成为当前电视节目存在的常态。探其原因,首先是观众借助故事更方便获取和传播信息,还有基于好奇心、优越感之上的兴趣和心理期待;其次是节目生产者熟识故事模式,坚信光明的市场前景,对利润回报信心十足;再次是电视管理者借助故事建构意识形态,提高国家“软实力”的需要;最后是电视媒介传播的偏向性。但当故事与电视的结合难以同时满足或协调四者的要求时,故事的真实性就容易与观众的期待或感知产生错位与冲突,违背叙事契约,有意或无意混淆艺术真实与生活真实,影响电视文化的健康发展,危害电视文化的生态平衡。     

论学会思考和学会做人统一原则——关于马克思主义哲学教育基本原则的思考

马克思主义哲学教育是按马克思主义哲学的理论本性所进行的讲求方法的活动。依据马克思主义哲学的理论本性、马克思主义哲学的教育目的和现实世界对人才素质的要求,提出和论证了“学会思考和学会做人统一”的马克思主义哲学教育的方法论原则,以克服传统马克思主义哲学教育背离马克思主义哲学理论本性,重马克思主义哲学的思想、轻马克思主义哲学的思考,只学到知识、不能学会思考和做人的失误     

从司法解释到侵权责任法草案:精神损害赔偿制度的建立与完善

我国的精神损害赔偿制度主要是通过最高人民法院的司法解释建立起来的.作者通过对各个时期涉及精神损害赔偿的司法解释进行解读,梳理了这一制度的建立和发展的脉络,总结了相关的法治建设经验.此外,作者还对侵权责任法学者建议稿和官方草案中有关精神损害赔偿的条文进行了具体分析,在此基础上提出了修改侵权责任法草案二次审议稿的具体建议.     

旧货翻新销售中商标侵权判定的是与非——以商标权用尽原则的适用为分析中心

伴随旧货的商业化翻新销售市场快速发展的同时,侵犯商标权和专利权等诸多法律纠纷也由此滋生。商标权用尽原则能否作为旧货翻新销售行为判定侵权的抗辩理由,理论界和实务界尚未达成一致。理性辨识旧货翻新销售行为是否侵犯商标专用权,事涉商标权利人、旧货翻新销售者、消费者的利益。在倡导节约资源、保护环境以促进循环经济发展的背景下,我国司法实践应以利益衡平原则为指导,秉持二维基本向度,借鉴他国经验,对于保持原产品同一性并充分披露详情的翻新销售行为适用商标权用尽原则,将其认定为侵犯商标权行为的例外。     

知识产权刑民交叉案件解决之“先民后刑”思路:选择理由与实施机制

先刑后民一直是我国处理刑民交叉案件所遵循的主导性原则,该原则的适用在理论和实践上面临一些困境。在知识产权民刑交叉案件的处理上,我们需要重新认识民事程序的价值意义和功能意义,在此基础上对刑民两种司法程序进行合理衔接与协调,建立民、刑分庭审理意义上的先民后刑以及民、刑合庭审理意义上的先民后刑审理机制。