基础教育不平等背后的社会经济不平等

随着就业市场教育水平门槛的逐渐提高,更多的家庭把大部分收入都投资于子女教育,这无疑有益于人力资源的发展和劳动力素质的提高。然而教育费用的飞涨使得中低收入家庭不堪负重,更把贫因家庭的子女逼入教育无保障的境地。因此需通过政府干预等政策来逐渐解决这一问题。     

基于人力资本视角的西藏反贫困研究

对西藏人力资本进行剖析,对于找到西藏反贫困和可持续发展的路径有重要意义。本文在分析西藏人力资本现状及原因的基础上,提出通过建立贫困人口的主体意识、促进人口流动、增加教育投资、开展反贫困职业教育、建立移民化城镇,进一步提高贫困地区医疗卫生建设水平等一系列手段提高西藏人力资本积累,从而试图找到一条破解西藏贫困的可行路径。     

Heterogeneous treatment effects on Children's cognitive/non-cognitive skills: A reevaluation of an influential early childhood intervention

The 1962–67 High/Scope Perry Preschool Program, a well-known experimental early childhood intervention study that provided quality preschool education to disadvantaged children, has been shown to have had positive impacts on early child development and on a variety of adulthood outcomes. However, most previous analyses have only examined average treatment effects across all program participants without exploring possible effect heterogeneity by children's background characteristics. We investigated this question by first using the 1964–65 Current Population Survey data in combination with the Perry data to construct a scale of child socioeconomic status based on the estimated propensity for inclusion in the Perry program, then analyzing effect heterogeneity within the Perry sample by strata of our socioeconomic scale. We found that the treatment effects of enrollment in the Perry preschool on cognitive and non-cognitive skills were much larger and more persistent among the most disadvantaged children than among others in the Perry program. Furthermore, among the most disadvantaged children, the treatment (i.e., preschool enrollment) affects later outcomes through a reinforcement mechanism of skill development (i.e., early cognitive gain leads to a non-cognitive gain, which in turn leads to later cognitive gain) and a sequential improvement of cognitive skills over time. These findings have important implications for the evaluation of policy interventions in early child development using experimental data.     

土地流转视角的农村人力资本流动及其对策建议

农村人力资本的合理流动是土地流转的前提。土地流转能够有效提高土地资源配置效率．进一步激活农村富余劳动力的转移。观念障碍、信息障碍、成本障碍、技能障碍、制度障碍、职位障碍、收益障碍和公平障碍等八大障碍,较严重地制约了农村人力资本的流动,阻碍了土地流转的进一步实施。必须消除这些障碍,进一步促进人力资本有序流动。     

School co-ethnicity and Hispanic parental involvement

Scholars of immigration disagree about the role ethnic communities play in immigrant families’ engagement in educational institutions. While some researchers argue that the concentration of disadvantaged ethnic groups may prevent meaningful engagement with schools, others argue that ethnic communities can possess resources that help immigrant families be involved in their children’s schooling. In this study we use a nationally representative dataset of Hispanic children from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K) to determine if the relative size of the Hispanic population in the school affects levels of their parents’ involvement in their education, as well as parents’ perceptions of barriers to their involvement. Our results suggest that a large Hispanic presence in a child’s school can help increase immigrant Hispanic parents’ involvement in their children’s schooling, but there are no benefits for US-born Hispanic parents, indicating that ethnic communities help immigrant families acculturate to American institutions.     

我国硕士研究生招生体制改革势在必行

随着我国研究生招生规模的不断扩大,市场经济改革的不断推进,中国的研究生招生体制必将全面推向市场,逐步与国际接轨并进入国际化大循环。与此同时,考研现象在我国的不断升温,研究生报考人数和招生规模的持续增长,现阶段各招生单位均出现不同程度的工作人员紧缺、工作超负荷运转及工作效率低等制约研究生教育发展的因素,改革现有的研究生招生体制,寻找经济、合理、有效的招生模式显得尤为重要。本文从当前研究生招生工作实际出发,探索我国研究生招生制度改革的必要性及改革趋向。     

Wages, earnings, and occupational status: did World War II veterans receive a premium?

Over 16 million men served during World War II (WWII), and we know that veterans obtained more education and earned higher incomes than did non-veterans and that these premiums were more substantial for Blacks and less educated men. However, we know very little about the reasons for such veteran premiums. Using several distinct, yet connected, theoretical traditions that have been used to link military service to subsequent outcomes—theories of the life course, the status attainment perspective, relatively new conceptualizations of social capital, economic theories of human capital, and theories of selectivity—we seek to redress this lack of understanding. We use survey data from the National Longitudinal Study of Mature Men (NLSMM) to examine the long-term effects of military service during WWII on occupational and income attainments. We find that the effects associated with being a veteran of WWII are modest and are mostly limited to less advantaged veterans, and can be largely explained by differences in human capital investment or selectivity. The one finding that cannot be explained by differences in family background, human capital investments, and selectivity is a higher hourly wage rate associated with being a Black veteran.     

基于人力资本视角的河北省教育存在问题及路径优化研究

知识经济时代,人力资本对经济和社会的发展具有重的“引擎”和推动作用,而教育又是集聚人力资本的关键因素。当前河北省教育存在诸多问题,导致其人力资本存量和集聚水平较低。为此,基于人力资本的视角,从教育经费投入、平均受教育年限、基础人力资本和专业化人力资本等方面详细剖析了河北省教育存在的问题,并针对这些问题提出了具体的优化路径。     

Not making the transition to college: School, work, and opportunities in the lives of American youth

Unlike traditional research on educational stratification that focuses on the pursuit of higher education, our study examines why young adults do not make the transition to college, using a nationally representative sample of college non-enrollees (N = 2640). In applying latent class analysis techniques, we identified multiple types of students who do not pursue college. One group of non-enrollees (27.6%) reports forgoing college because the economic barriers are too high - either because of college affordability or family financial responsibility. These youth had both low math test scores and low family income, and thus closely align with regression-based analyses on college enrollment that emphasize academic and economic constraints as the central barriers to educational progress. However, we also identified a second, often overlooked group of youth who had the academic preparation and family income support to enroll in higher education, but decided to forgo college because they preferred to work and to make money (18.3%). The heterogeneous motives of these youth suggest that postsecondary decisions are not always guided by academic and economic barriers, but sometimes driven by previous work experience and perceptions of local opportunities for school and work.     

高等教育大众化与高校毕业生就业风险

高等教育作为人类有目的的人力资源的投资活动,受教育者只有充分就业,实现了个人预期价值,才能带来高经济回报。但是随着我国高等教育大众化进程的加快,大学生就业难已经成为高等教育发展中一个不可忽视的问题。国家和高校必须调整高等教育发展规划,适当控制招生比例,保持适度规模,从而降低高校扩招所带来的毕业生就业风险。     

高兹基于生态理性的劳动解放论

高兹从生态理性出发认为,一个真正自由解放的社会将是一个以创造、想象而不是以欲望、贪婪来指导生产的社会,在这样的社会里,自由时间将以快乐和美感的方式被使用而不只是劳动的中断,自由时间是社会共享的价值而不再只是简单的休息或劳动力的补充。时间解放以及自由时间的最高政治目标在于人类从"劳动生产社会"向"时间解放社会"转变。     

Ethnoracial patterns of schooling and work among adolescents: Implications for Mexican immigrant incorporation

This paper investigates Mexican immigrant incorporation by examining labor force participation and schooling among Mexican-origin adolescents in the United States. Theoretical perspectives on immigrant incorporation, labor migration-related cultural repertoires and adolescent development considered together imply that studying ethnoracial differences in schooling among adolescents without taking work into account can yield mis-leading pictures of Mexican-origin non-high school completion patterns, thus hampering the assessment of incorporation theories. To avoid this, we analyze Mexican-origin generational differences in the relationship between schooling and workforce participation among adolescents compared to non-Hispanic whites and blacks. Using micro-data from the 2000 US Census, we find that Mexican immigrant boys who are not enrolled in school are more likely to be in the workforce, and conversely that those who are enrolled in school are much less likely to be in the workforce, compared to whites and blacks. Such relative differences in school/work specialization, as predicted, diminish across Mexican-origin generations. Moreover, based on supplementary analyses, we find similar patterns for a cohort of young adults who failed to complete high school during the 1990s. Overall, the results are consistent with the idea that cultural orientations growing out of the nature and experience of Mexican labor migration are important for assessing school enrollment patterns among Mexican-origin youth and for gauging their implications for educational policy and immigrant-group incorporation.     

物质资本产权与人力资本产权再交易研究

企业是物质资本产权与人力资本产权初次交易的契约。为了满足企业的生存和发展需要,物质资本产权与人力资本产权还将不断地进行再交易。再交易虽然增加了企业的生产经营成本,但却提高了企业的效率。再交易的目的是实现人力资本的高效率。再交易的主要内容是人力资本所有者的权利,核心是分享企业剩余的权利。再交易的特点是交易权利逐渐平等、交易风险逐渐对称和交易内容具体化。再交易费用主要是由再交易前费用、再交易中费用和再交易后费用构成。     

国有企业"准家族化"的生发逻辑

在中国由计划经济向市场经济转轨的过程中,国有企业特别是国有中小企业"准家族化"的现象日益显见.文章认为,在传统计划经济体制下,简单否定家庭的经济作用是"企业办社会"的重要成因;始于恢复家庭作为基本经济单元的市场化改革,为民有资本和家庭家族力量向国有经济领域渗透提供了契机,进而使国有企业"准家族化"得以萌生.国家垄断行业中的国有企业"准家族化",值得予以关注和监督.     

浅论高等教育的产品及其属性

有关高等教育产品问题的探讨,观点不一。引入人力资本理论中的“人力资本存量”概念有助于理解高等教育的产出性质。人力资本存量和科研成果是高等教育的产品,在其投入市场并为社会服务时部分或全部具有了商品的属性。     

基于人力资本、技术进步的经济增长研究

人力资本、R&D与经济增长及开放经济条件下的技术流动所决定的内生技术经济增长机制将对经济增长率有着极大的促进作用。通过实证检验,我国人力资本与经济增长呈现负相关关系,这说明相对于庞大的人口规模而言,我国人力资本整体水平还是比较低的。此外,在人力资源的配置上存在许多现实问题,高级人才多集中于外资企业和政府机构,在分配结构上出现两极分化,而且存在较大的地区差异。因此,根据对中国经济长期增长路径和未来趋势的分析和判断,必须从提高教育水平、重视人力资本积累,增加科研投入、推进知识创新和技术进步等方面加强政策导向,推动未来中国经济持续增长。     

农民工市民化:破局体制的“顶层设计”

在中国,农民工市民化具有牵动整个社会经济发展神经的全局意义。农民工市民化对于加快转变经济发展方式意义特别重大,其所带来的人力资本投资增加进而促进人力资本存量的扩张效应也是难以估量的。如果说城乡二元户籍制度及其依附于其上的各种城市公共福利制度是影响农民工市民化的主体性的政策体制障碍因素的话,那么,分税制体制下的中央与地方在农民工市民化的成本负担上的制度现状,则是影响农民工市民化的衍生性的政策体制障碍因素。在兼顾社会经济发展的全局立场上考虑农民工市民化制度方面的顶层设计,就要涉及作为母体性制度和载体性制度的户籍制度全面改革的问题;在统领中央-地方发展的最高层次上考虑农民工市民化制度方面的顶层设计,就要涉及作为衍生性的政策体制的农民工市民化的成本负担的重新调整问题。     

"技工荒"视野的职业教育需求测度

当前我国经济发展中同时存在＂技工荒＂和农村富余劳动力转移压力偏大两种现象。从人力资本供需角度看,＂技工荒＂的根源是技能型人力资本的供给难以满足经济增长的需要,即职业教育的社会需求难以得到满足。另一方面,大量的农村富余劳动力对职业教育的需求受到抑制,缺乏知识技能,导致难以实现稳定就业。要解决这一问题,关键是解决职业教育社会需求与农民对职业教育的个人需求矛盾,提高农民的技能水平。     

Maternal employment when children are in preschool: Variations by race,ethnicity, and nativity

Preschool programs in the United States have expanded dramatically in recent decades. There has been significant scholarly attention to the implications of this for inequalities in children's educational outcomes, but less attention to the implications for the work-family lives of parents. Drawing on data from 2001 to 2017 American Community Surveys, this paper examines how children's preschool enrollment is associated with maternal employment, with particular attention to differences by mothers' race, ethnicity, and nativity. Findings document unequal access to preschool programs across groups but also different patterns of association between children's preschool enrollment and maternal employment. Immigrant mothers are doubly disadvantaged compared to their U.S.-born counterparts: Children are less likely to attend preschool, and when they do attend, this does little to facilitate maternal employment. The paper's conclusion addresses limitations of existing preschool programs for work-family reconciliation, but also emphasizes that limitations are more severe for some families than others.     

高等教育消费的理论基础

高等教育消费的理论基础有消费者行为理论、人力资本理论和高等教育成本分担理论。高等教育消费是公众的一种消费行为;是一种人力资本投资,使投资者在更大程度上获得经济收益。我国高等学校的收费制度基本上是按院校的人均教育成本及学费在整个教育成本中所占的比重来决定。