对北京市郊区化问题的进一步探讨

通过对北京市各类区域自1958年以来的人口增长速度以及四普和五普时北京市各类区域按现住地和五年前常住地分的人口数据的分析,本文对北京市是否进入了郊区化阶段的问题进行了探讨。认为,把北京市的城市功能拓展区全部看作是近郊区或全部看作是城区都是不恰当的。在对北京市的郊区化问题进行研究的时候,需要分乡、镇、街道的人口数据,这样才能对拓展区内部的城区和近郊区分别进行研究。由于自20世纪80年代以来首都功能核心区人口增长率下降、包含近郊区的城市功能拓展区和属于远郊区的城市发展新区人口增长率上升以及近年来发展新区人口增长率超过拓展区,本文认为:北京市的城市化进程已经进入了郊区化阶段。     

上海市人户分离状况的空间特征分析——基于“六普”数据

＂六普＂数据显示,近几年上海市人户分离状况呈现出新的空间特征,主要表现在：人户分离人口的规模和迁移率在空间分布上呈现出严重的不均衡;大部分区县人户分离人口的来源地及迁居目的地集中化程度高,具有＂近邻优先＂的特点;逐步形成由中心城区县流向近郊区区县和中心城区县之间相互流动的两大迁移圈;中心城核心区、边缘区、近郊区、远郊区等四大区域之间的人户分离人口流动呈现出三大迁居主流。本文在总结这些空间特征的同时,就如何解决上海市人户分离问题提出了几点建议,以期上海市内户籍人口的迁移能科学健康有序进行。     

文摘

戴展建同志在《北京统计》上发表文章,通过对全市1987年9月底的暂住人口资料分析,指出目前北京市暂住人口在分布构成上有以下几个特点。 1.百分之八十以上的暂住人口集中在城近郊区。目前城近郊区共登记有暂住人口67.6万,占全     

城市化阶段和大城市地区不同区域人口空间变动——以上海静安区、浦东新区和南汇区为例

在城市化发展的不同阶段,大城市的不同区域人口变动表现出不同的特点。研究根据20多年历时性数据的动态分析,对上海中心城区、近郊区和远郊区在人口总量、迁移强度和迁移方向的不同特点进行定量研究和比较研究。在1992年前后,上海的郊区化历程才正式开始,当前上海正处于从前期郊区化向深度郊区化的转折时期、从初期相对扩散向绝对扩散发展的时期。需要根据不同区域人口变动的规律性,实行分区域的人口发展对策:结合人口导出带来的城市问题引导城市更新;结合近郊区人口聚集加强公共服务能力;引导远郊区的人口聚集加强新城建设。     

1982年以来北京人口时空演变研究

利用第三次、第四次、第五次和第六次全国人口普查数据,借助ArcGIS空间分析技术,对北京1982～2010年间的人口时空演变进行了分析研究。结果表明：北京人口规模大,增长速度快,外来常住人口的增加是城市人口规模扩大的主要原因;北京人口呈火山口型的分布格局虽然没有改变,但已由尖锐单峰式火山口型向较低缓多峰式火山口型分布格局转变,人口呈圈层梯度推移式辐射扩张和沿放射状干道外向发展;核心区人口逐步向外疏散,城市功能拓展区和城市发展新区人口不断集中;外来常住人口居住地空间分布呈现大分散、小聚居的特点,主要分布在近郊区的乡镇街道,形成围绕核心区的反“C”字形的环状分布带。城市化快速发展、多元化城市定位、产业结构调整、低层次产业吸引、城市规划引导是北京人口时空演变的作用机制。     

国际大都市与北京市人口疏解政策评述及借鉴

随着城市化进程的加快,北京进入了城市人口快速膨胀的时期,带来了道路交通拥堵、环境污染加重、资源过度消耗等一系列城市问题。本文总结了东京、首尔、香港、纽约和巴黎等国际大都市人口疏导政策,这些政策包括：产业转移带动人口转移;快速交通建设扩大人口分布和职业通勤范围;卫星城、次中心城区的住宅规划吸纳人口;公共资源分配向郊区倾斜,完善配套基础设施;防止低效益的传统第三产业过度膨胀。北京市现有的人口疏解政策可以分为产业调控类、资源调节类、驱出限入类和行政协商类,各有优势和劣势。在经济结构转型的战略背景下,北京市人口调控需要一个包括产业规划、建设规划、人口管理和政府推动的综合人口调控体系。     

中外动态

北京市计划生育工作成效显著结婚生育高峰不可忽视 在市委和市人民政府的领导和各级计划生育部门的努力下,北京市计划生育工作不断取得新的成绩。截至1981年底,全市已有357,095对夫妇领取了独生子女证,占已有一个子女育龄夫妇的85％,其中四个城区独生子女领证率达96.87％,六个近郊区平均达89.83％(石景山、海淀、丰台都在94％以上),九个郊区县平均为66.67％。在去年出生的全部婴儿中,第一胎占86.57％,二胎占11.27％;属于计划内生育的占89.34％;在城市人口中,计划生育率己达到96.24％。     

全面建设小康社会与人口发展论坛隆重召开

由北京市社会科学界联合会主办 ,以推动理论创新为宗旨的学术前沿论坛 1 2月 1 3日在北京师范大学举行。北京市人口学会积极参加了本次学术前沿论坛并承办了“全面建设小康社会与人口发展分论坛”。来自中国社会科学院、中国人口学会、北京市社科联、北京市人口学会、北京市人口和计生委、北京市统计局、北京大学、中国人民大学、中国公安大学、首都经贸大学、北京市行政学院以及北京市各区、县人口和计生委等单位实际工作者近百人参加了此次学术盛会。会上 ,中国老年学学会名誉会长、中国人民大学人口与发展研究中心邬沧萍教授做了题为“农…     

创建幸福家庭 建设和谐人口

家庭是做好人口工作的重要着力点,创建幸福家庭,对于统筹解决人口问题,稳定低生育水平,提高人口素质,优化人口结构,引导人口合理分布,促进人口与经济社会、资源环境可持续发展,具有积极而重要的作用。从本期起,本刊开辟专栏,推出系列文章,介绍北京市创建幸福家庭,建设和谐人口的做法与经验,以期对广大读者有所启迪。     

人口分布、增长极与世界级城市群孵化——基于美国东北部城市群和京津冀城市群的比较

基于城市群理论的演变过程,文章从空间视角出发,利用人口普查和统计年鉴数据分析了城市群人口发展的协调问题,讨论了典型世界级城市群的发展路径对新兴城市群孵化的借鉴价值.在明确区分城市群“核心区域”和“核心城区”概念的基础上,使用空间自相关分析和产业结构偏离度分析等方法,对美国东北部城市群和京津冀城市群人口空间规模、分布、结构以及产业空间协作状况进行了比较.结果表明:典型世界级城市群的孵化过程具有显著的阶段性特征,核心城区人口占比经历了“先升后降”的过程;人口空间分布存在由单核向多极转变的趋势;人口空间结构兼具聚集和分散的双重特性;核心区域的产业结构调整对于城市群的空间协作发展具有引导作用.     

"Mummies and babies" and friends and lovers in Lesotho

This paper examines an institutionalized friendship among adolescent girls and young women in southern Africa. Lesotho's economy is based on migrant male labor which leaves the women dependent on male earnings or subsistence from the land, and also creates unstable marital relations. Young girls in the modern schools develop close relationships, called "mummy-baby," with slightly older girls. Sexual intimacy is an important aspect of these relationships. Mummy-baby relationships not only provide emotional support prior to marriage, but also a network of support for married and unmarried women in new towns or schools, either replacing or accompanying heterosexual bonds.     

Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators

Mediation and moderation are two theories for refining and understanding a causal relationship. Empirical investigation of mediators and moderators requires an integrated research design rather than the data analyses driven approach often seen in the literature. This paper described the conceptual foundation, research design, data analysis, as well as inferences involved in a mediation and/or moderation investigation in both experimental and non-experimental (i.e., correlational) contexts. The essential distinctions between the investigation of mediators and moderators were summarized and juxtaposed in an example of a causal relationship between test difficulty and test anxiety. In addition, the more elaborate models, moderated mediation and mediated moderation, the use of structural equation models, and the problems with model misspecification were discussed conceptually.

Complementary and alternative medicine: Interaction and communication between midwives and women

BackgroundMany pregnant women use complementary and alternative medicine. Although midwives are often supportive, how they communicate with women about the safe use of these therapies has received limited research attention.AimThe aim of this study was to explore how midwives interact with women regarding use of complementary and alternative medicine during pregnancy.MethodsWe utilised grounded theory methodology to collect and analyse data. Twenty-five midwives who worked in metropolitan hospitals situated in Melbourne, Australia, participated in the study. Data were collected from semi structured interviews and non-participant observations, over an 18-month period.FindingsHow midwives communicate about complementary and alternative medicine is closely associated with the meaning they construct around the woman's role in decisionmaking. Most aim to work in a manner consistent with the midwifery partnership model and share the responsibility for decisions regarding complementary and alternative medicine. However, although various therapies were commonly discussed, usually the pregnant woman initiated the dialogue. A number of contextual conditions such as the biomedical discourse, lack of knowledge, language barriers and workplace constraints, limited communication in some situations.ConclusionMidwives often interact with women interested in using CAM. Most value the woman's autonomy and aim to work in partnership. However, various contextual conditions restrain overt CAM communication in clinical practice.     

Injecting and Rejecting,Framing and Failing

This paper seeks to examine how female subjectivities are privileged by Canadian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination discourse and, in turn, how homosexual male subjectivities are displaced. Employing a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, I analyze selected HPV vaccination (HPVV) promotional materials, and depict the discursive strategies which privilege and exclude gendered subjectivities. My critical analysis is influenced by feminist linguistic works that seek to uncover the discursive constructions around sexuality, gender and identity, and the discursive strategies used to communicate ideas about sexual health risks and responsible citizenship. In addition, I adopt feminist theories of knowledge and power to rethink the discursive representations of some bodies and subjectivities as normal, and Others as unintelligible within HPVV discourse in today's neoliberal time.     

Beliefs and values and the sterilization decision

A decision-making framework based on the models of personal decision making developed by psychologists and economists and a methodology based on axiomatic conjoint measurement are used to explore individuals' beliefs and values regarding contraceptive sterilization. Particular emphasis is given to demonstrating a. that there exist individual differences in beliefs and values, b. that there exist differences in beliefs and values between persons who choose sterilization—either tubal ligation or vasectomy—and persons who choose non-sterilization contraceptive methods when no more children are wanted, and c. that the effect of beliefs and values on the sterilization decision is an interactive one. The methodology used is compared to that typically used in studying fertility- and health-related behaviors.This research was supported by grants HD-10802 and HD-14403 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The technical assistance of Doreen Victor and the editorial suggestions of Sarah Gaskill, Alice Healy, and two anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated. This paper is Publication No. 253 of the Center for Research on Judgment and Policy, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0344. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Publications Librarian at the Center.     

Family Instability and College Enrollment and Completion

This research uses data from waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health, N = 9,631) to consider whether and how family instability in early or later childhood affects college enrollment and completion of a Bachelor’s degree by age 24. Explanatory factors include maternal selection into unstable unions, household resources available in adolescence, and adolescents’ academic achievement, behavior, and attitudes in high school. The association of later family instability with college enrollment and completion is largely explained by household resources in adolescence. The association of early family instability with college enrollment is partially explained by each set of factors, and its association with college completion, given enrollment, is explained by pre-existing maternal characteristics. The results demonstrate that early family instability has enduring consequences for eventual status attainment and that the mechanisms that connect family instability to educational outcomes vary by the timing of family structure change.     

The relationships between population and economy, and between population and education]

The relationship between population and economy is regarded seriously by China and other countries. This problem can be analyzed and studied under 2 aspects: 1) the influence of economic development on changes in population, and 2) the influence of population increases on economic development. Under the 1st aspect, improved living conditions, hygiene, and health care generally result in lowered mortality rates. Improved economic conditions in China also increased the birthrate and at the same time increased birth control among the people; the increased birthrate was due to more marriages after liberation. In economically advanced countries, due to high expenses in raising children, people tend to limit family sizes to 2 children/family. Under the 2nd aspect, population increases place strains on the food supply and nutritional requirements, especially when increases are too rapid. They also demand more educational resources and influence quality of education. As there are currently 210 million students in China, the quality of education suffers, particularly at the college level, since most of Chinese manpower, physical and financial resources are spent on primary and secondary education. In terms of housing, transportation, health care, and natural resources, they are all intimately related to and influenced by increases in population. Consequently, the living standard would be difficult to raise if population increases are too rapid. Since 1971, population increases have been incorporated into 5-yearly and later yearly national economic plans in China. The large Chinese population is a major obstacle in raising the Chinese economic level, hence a well-planned population control program is essential.     

Officer friendly and the tough cop:gays and lesbians navigate homophobia and policing

Despite attempts to expand social diversity, policing is still dominated by a white, masculine, heterosexual ethos. As a consequence, employment of lesbians and gay men as police officers may be especially threatening to members of this occupation. Within the context of potential hostility and homophobia, nontraditional officers must negotiate their contradictory presence on the police force. This paper investigates that negotiation. Using the Bem Sex Role Inventory and open-ended survey data from a sample of "out" and "closeted" gay and lesbian police officers, we ask how gays and lesbians manage their images as "good cops" in the face of gender norm violations associated with their sexual orientation. Our findings indicate that masculinity and femininity do not hold together in a cohesive, dichotomous manner for these officers. Instead, other characteristics that enhance policing are emphasized to support their occupational competence. These officers see themselves as "good cops." The gendered/sexualized character of their self-perceptions appears to matter less than the context of the job, more than for a comparison sample of heterosexual police officers. We conclude that although gay and lesbian officers see their sexuality as an occupational asset, they are also likely to work harder to prove themselves as crime fighters.