汉代《老子》政治观的黄老色彩（二）——以《老子河上公注》为中心

和《老子指归》一样,《老子河上公注》也是现存汉代最重要和对后代影响最大的老子注本之一。从老学史的角度看,《老子河上公注》无论是宇宙观还是养生观和政治观,都反映了鲜明的汉代黄老思想的特点,体现了老学发展的时代特征。具体到政治观上,则主要体现在作品以君主为说教对象,提出明理身理国之道以及因循无为的主张等方面。     

齊风鲁韵——青岛古家具收藏选萃

古代山东地域辽阔,山河壮美,悠久的历史文化孕育了灿烂的齐鲁文明.古代先贤,老子"无为"的道家思想,孔子"尊礼"的儒家思想.深深的体现在历代山东传统工艺美术的创造之中. 以"道" "儒"思想为精神内涵的"鲁作家俱"与山东人的性格一样豪爽大气.其用料粗壮,体积硕大,强调结构的表现力,形成了"形制上高古淳朴,工艺上严谨扎实"的美学特色.其特有的厚重皮壳更增加了"鲁作家俱"的独特魅力.     

老子美学与黑格尔美学比较探析

老子的美学思想是中国美学得以发展的基础。黑格尔是西方美学的集大成者,其著作《美学》对现代西方美学的发展更是起到不可替代作用。比较和分析老子的"美"与黑格尔的"美"的共通性和差异性,探析二者的美学思想,无论是对于促进中西方文化交流,还是对于追寻美的本质及其历程而言,都具有重要意义。     

唐代皇室对老子的尊崇考

唐代对老子的尊崇在皇室的主导下达到了无以复加的程度。唐代皇室对老子的尊崇主要体现在认祖与追封,升《道德经》、习《老子》、崇玄学、准明经例考试,重视老子思想理论,以通《老子》者进讲、侍读,作为对外赏赐与交流的重要文化,讲老子符瑞,祭奠老子,设祠立像,尊老子庙等方面。但这种尊崇在有唐一代,不同时期仍有一定的变化。     

颜师古《玄言新记明老部》的诠释体例与思想特色

颜师古的《玄言新记明老部》在经典诠释方面有自己的鲜明特点。他将《老子》八十一章看作一个严密的逻辑系统,通过精炼的语言提点和勾勒出了《老子》一书的逻辑层次和结构体系,透显出了极其重要的方法论意义。同时,《玄言新记明老部》受到隋唐时代儒释道三教合流互补思想氛围的影响,其批判、吸收、融合儒释资源的特色也很明显,在此基础之上体现出了较为清晰的道教化倾向。     

美国学界先秦道家美学思想研究

西人早在18、19世纪便接触到中国道家经典《老子》与《庄子》,但对其中美学思想之阐发则是20世纪之事。美国学者对先秦道家美学思想进行了一系列研究,主要围绕以下问题展开：道家美学与浪漫主义、道家美学中的＂与道合一＂说、＂神＂的观念、道家言意观、美学思想及其在全球化进程中之意义。其跨学科的研究方法与中西比较的视野有别于国内相关研究。     

论《老子》中道的哲学性质

《老子》的“道”究竟是物质的,还是精神的?对于这个问题,《老子》的作者当时没有自觉地意识到。他只是自觉地认为道的本体是“无”。从这个意义上讲,可以说《老子》是唯无主义。但这并不妨碍我们站在现代哲学的高度,分析一下《老子》的道相当于现代的精神范畴,还是相当于现代的物质范畴。这样做是有必要的,因为探讨这个问题有助于深入理解《老子》哲学,有助于对传统文化进行正确的批判继承,有助于发扬科学精神、提高理论水平。 一、“道”不是纯粹的虚无 有人认为《老子》的道是纯粹的虚无,其实不然。《老子》固然说道是“无”或“冲” (傅…     

中西审美差异溯源

中西审美差异溯源赵连元中国美学和西方美学从根本上说，是两种不同思想文化体系的美学，它们备有其不同的社会土壤和文化环境，不同的独立的发展史，不同的民族特色。以孔子和老子为代表的中国传统美学是经验美学、伦理美学和社会美学。以柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表的西方...     

试论《老子》道家学说的易学情结

《老子》产生之时代乃春秋末期 ,而春秋末期则为卜筮之事盛行之时代。从《老子》书看 ,其有诸多文句和思想与春秋筮辞有关。是《老子》早于《易传》将《易》由卜筮向义理方向的发展推进了一步 ,后世《易传》中保存和吸收了诸多《老子》道家的思想和观点。以此言 ,《老子》是《周易》古经到《易传》十翼的过渡环节 ,其在中国古代易学发展史上占有十分重要的地位。     

范蠡的治国思想及其与《老子》的关系

范蠡不仅是中国商人的鼻祖,更是一位能将道家思想加以应用的思想家.他在帮助越王勾践复国的过程中,充分阐明了他的思想,与《老子》相比,可以确认他的思想渊源于《老子》.范蠡没有专门的著作,但其为人与处事在历史上素有高评,根据《国语·越语》的相关记载,可以看出他有一套完整的治国思想,并且与《老子》的思想有密切关系.     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.