重庆西部地区农业农村水污染治理典型案例及优化路径研究

<正>一、前言农业农村面源污染已成为我国水环境污染的主要因素之一。本文针对重庆市西部万古镇农业面源污染导致的河流耗氧污染物负荷高、水动力弱、河流自净能力差等问题,以雍溪河和淮远河为研究对象,开展水质调查并分析其污染成因。基于研究对象为Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类的水质现状,以Ⅲ类水为水质目标,对目标河流实施源头减量、过程阻断和后期治理相结合的全过程水污染治理措施。历经两年污染整治,月跟踪监测结果表明,     

基于水生态系统服务综合效能提升的城市河流生态修复研究

针对城市双修背景下河流生态修复工作存在的3大误区与困境,通过荟萃分析的文献定量研究,厘清了城市河流修复的生态效应,指出河流生态修复对水生态系统服务有着积极的提升作用,丰富物种多样性,增加物种数量与分布密度,对调节性生态系统服务有显著的正面影响。研究构建了城市河流生态修复方面,水生态系统服务综合效能提升的概念模型,包括以水质净化为基础、生境多样性为核心、文化性服务为关键的3个方面。     

基于城市生态系统健康评价的规划响应策略研究

本文基于城市生态系统特征,选取活力、组织结构、恢复力、维持生态系统的服务功能、对人类健康的影响5个要素、30项指标,构成城市生态系统健康评价指标体系,并将健康评价指标转换为城市规划策略指标,构建了一套分层次、分系统的规划响应策略,实现了城市生态系统健康评价与城乡规划实践技术的衔接,为通过规划调控、实现城市可持续发展提供了一个新的维度与方法。以新疆库车县为对象对该方法进行了验证,表明该方法可信可行。     

关于北方城市河流综合治理的几点建议

针对目前我国北方城市河流治理存在的问题,提出了生态恢复与重建模式.提出了"与水和谐相处,促进社会经济可持续发展"的生态治理理念.     

中蒙边界国际河流的流域共同开发机制探析

1994年4月29日,中蒙两国签订的《中华人民共和国政府和蒙古国人民政府关于保护和利用边界水协定》为开发和利用边界国际河流奠定了初步的法律基础,但随着时代的变迁,该协定的内容也显示出了许多不足之处,本文过借鉴世界主要国际河流开发机制,在可持续发展的理念指导下,提出以预防为主的环境保护措施,完善协定内容,增加争端解决方法,健全现有的水联合委员会的管理模式,以期在保护我国水资源安全和利益的同时,保护北亚生态系统的可持续发展。     

拆除水坝还能恢复河川生态吗

全球有许多水坝面临被拆除的命运,当地河流和生态系统可望因此复原,但背后隐藏的生态问题,却已经超出科学家的掌控! 20世纪初,美国亚利桑那州沙漠中的化石溪(Fossil Creek)是一条由泉水汇流成的水道,滋润了一片绿洲。这条野溪和茂盛的河岸生态系,吸引了鱼类和一大群无法在其它环境生存的动、植物,这条河流和周边环境也吸引着拓荒者与移民迁移至美国西南部。1916年,工程人员在化石溪兴建水坝,沿着陡峭山坡修筑渡槽,     

国务院通过山洪地灾防御治理总体规划

据新华社报道,国务院总理温家宝4月6日主持召开国务院常务会议,讨论通过《全国中小河流治理和病险水库除险加固、山洪地质灾害防御和综合治理总体规划》。会议指出,加强山洪地质灾害防御和综合治理,是党中央、国务院对我国防灾减灾体系建设作出的重大决策部署。要以防洪薄弱地区和山洪地     

县域尺度下生态系统恢复力评价研究——以德昌县为例

<正>2020年,自然资源部印发《山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程指南(试行)》,其中明确提出应“根据生态系统退化、受损程度和恢复力,合理选择保育保护、自然恢复、辅助再生和生态重建等措施,恢复生态系统结构和功能,增强生态系统稳定性和生态产品供给能力”^[1]。生态系统恢复力水平是一项受社会、自然等多重因素共同作用形成的复杂综合指标,可以反映社会发展与生态环境演变之间的调整适应关系,为国土空间生态修复的基础调查、工程布局、修复后评价提供科学依据。“恢复力”一词源于英文Resilience,     

基于整体生态建构的新时代青年社会组织政策发展创新观察

党的十八大以来的新时代,包括党和国家机构、群团组织、社会组织在内的国家治理体系改革的持续性推进,法律法规体系完善的突破性进展,加之互联网技术普及升级,社会企业潮流的兴起,形成了一个多主体高度共生的跨界生态圈群,青年社会组织生存发展的外部生态环境不断优化。而通过政策工具的创新和运用,使得多元类型、不同阶段的青年社会组织规范运作的自我系统以及协同共生的内部生态系统逐步形成。我国青年社会组织政策正进入到一个整体性变革和生态系统建构的新时代。     

推进京津冀成为世界级创新平台和增长极

推进京津冀协同发展、打造世界级创新平台和增长极是2019年中央经济工作会议的指示精神。京津冀地区通过顶层设计引领产业协同平台建设、通过区域创新生态系统的不断恢复和城市群创新网络的构建等加速建设世界级创新平台。京津冀城市群、北京新机场、天津全国先进制造业基地的建设以及河北数字经济的发展等极大地推动了京津冀地区成为具有国际竞争力的区域增长极。展望未来,期待京津冀协同发展在国家治理体系与治理能力现代化、支撑全国经济发展、基本公共服务共建共享以及生态城市建设等方面走在全国前列。     

Three Paradigms behind River Governance in Japan: Modern Technicism, Nature Conservationism and Life Environmentalism

Abstract:  In this paper I examine river governance or river policy in Japan through the process of modernization over one century and analyze three hidden paradigms, "modern technicism", "nature conservationism" and "life environmentalism", with the theory of environmental value. Japanese rivers were governed traditionally by local people (life environmentalism) but the river management was put under the control of administration and the specialist (modern technicism) in the tide of modernization, and in order to confront this situation a new paradigm of "nature conservationism" was born. In the analysis of the stages of river policy development, the development of economic and political power will be traced according to an environmental sociology point of view. This means analyzing people's initiatives resulting from their recognition and value in the political and economical arena. Structuring of river governance through the interactive process of "government and self-government" is also analyzed by putting an emphasis on local residents as a political body and second, I will describe the theoretical direction of environmental sociology. Lake Biwa and The Yodo River Basin system, which have historical importance in Japanese river policy, will be taken as an example. From the position of environmental sociology, river governance as an interactive process of "government and self-governance" based on independence of people, is one practical model that can give us important keys for the new river governance, transcending difference of social conditions. Consider learning the spirit of traditional communal structure as a process of practice for building a new communalism, life environmentalism model, which fits today's society.     

Historical changes,and a modern program to improve the ecology of the Alster River of Germany

The Alster River, located in and around the State of Hamburg, Germany, is an extensively polluted, urbanized river of historical importance currently experiencing a cleanup effort of unprecedented proportions. The 30-year projected sewerage renovation currently in progress is designed to protect the river's water quality and is estimated to cost overall in excess of 1 billion DM (German marks). In this paper we analyze the in-progress construction of a modern sewerage network to restore the Alster River quality. To understand the importance of a new sewerage system it is necessary to review the history of the Alster River following urban settlement that began in the ninth century at the confluence of the Alster and the Elbe at the site of Hamburg. The biological and physical changes affecting communities of the Alster ecosystem are reviewed, as well as the developmental history of impoundments and canals along the river and the development of the sewerage system of Hamburg in relation to the Alster. The plan for restoration of the Alster is one of the most dramatic of its kind in modern European history and provides a blueprint for similar urban river restorations worldwide in the future.     

Making and Facing Danger: Constructing Strong Character on the River

River guides are those individuals given the extraordinary task of delivering their passengers from the dangers and chaos of white-water rivers. After engaging in what Coffman would call fateful action, river guides emerge with perceived strong character. However, before river guides can achieve such an elevated identity, they must first manage the passengers' view of the rapids as dangerous. In this article, I discuss the various techniques river guides use to construct and enhance danger on the river, how facing such danger is used to demonstrate strong character, and its relevance as a basis for authority in a leisure setting.     

Beyond the urban stream syndrome: organic matter budget for diagnostics and restoration of an impaired urban river

In response to water quality standard violations linked to excessive organic matter (OM) and a lack of sampling data informing the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL), an organic matter budget was created to quantify and identify sources of OM in the lower Jordan River (Salt Lake City, UT). By sampling dissolved, fine, and coarse particulate OM, as well as measuring ecosystem metabolism at seven different sites, the researchers aimed to identify the origin of excess OM, and understand pathways by which different size classes of the OM pool are generated. The dissolved fraction (DOM; 94 %) was found to be the dominant form of OM transported within the river with fine particulate organic matter (FPOM; 6 %) the second most abundant, and coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM; 1 %) transport relatively insignificant in the overall OM budget. Primary production exceeded respiratory losses in the upper river, and this, along with OM inputs from two tributaries (where water reclamation facilities discharge into the river) delivered excess OM to the impaired lower reaches. Increasing stream metabolism index (SMI) with distance downstream (>1 in the lower river) further demonstrated that transport of excessive organic matter into the lower river was from upstream sources and not due to lateral inputs. This simple approach to characterizing the organic matter budget as it relates to water quality in the Jordan River was effective and could serve as a model for future studies attempting to quantify and identify sources of OM in urban ecosystems.     

Beyond the urban stream syndrome: organic matter budget for diagnostics and restoration of an impaired urban river

In response to water quality standard violations linked to excessive organic matter (OM) and a lack of sampling data informing the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL), an organic matter budget was created to quantify and identify sources of OM in the lower Jordan River (Salt Lake City, UT). By sampling dissolved, fine and coarse particulate OM, as well as measuring ecosystem metabolism at seven different sites, the researchers aimed to identify the origin of excess OM, and understand pathways by which different size classes of the OM pool are generated. The dissolved fraction (DOM; 94 %) was found to be the dominant form of OM transported within the river with fine particulate organic matter (FPOM; 6 %) the second most abundant, and coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM; 1 %) transport relatively insignificant in the overall OM budget. Primary production exceeded respiratory losses in the upper river, and this, along with OM inputs from two tributaries (where water reclamation facilities discharge into the river) delivered excess OM to the impaired lower reaches. Increasing stream metabolism index (SMI) with distance downstream (>1 in the lower river) further demonstrated that transport of excessive organic matter into the lower river was from upstream sources and not due to lateral inputs. This simple approach to characterizing the organic matter budget as it relates to water quality in the Jordan River was effective and could serve as a model for future studies attempting to quantify and identify sources of OM in urban ecosystems.     

Predicting impacts of urbanized stream processes on biota: high flows and river chub (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Nocomis micropogon</Emphasis>) nesting activity

This study quantified the impact of high stream flows on reproductive activities of river chub (Nocomis micropogon). Using observed relationships between flow and reproductive activities, the number of predicted damaging flow events was compared between streams with extant river chub populations and urbanized streams. Monitoring the survivorship of river chub nests during 2013–2014 (N = 101) revealed consistent relationships between interval peak flow measured at flow gauges and the integrity of river chub nests within sites. Flow-mediated disruption of nests was frequent, and interval peak flows were significantly correlated with nest erosion rates. Logistic regression between fate of river chub nests and standardized peak flow (Qs) during monitoring intervals identified thresholds of peak flow corresponding to complete and partial destruction of river chub nests. Observed thresholds were used to predict the frequency of potentially damaging flows in urbanized versus river chub study streams, based on archival flow monitoring data. Repeated measures analysis revealed that the frequency of flows predicted to result in the loss of all nests was significantly higher in urbanized streams (F = 122.2; df = 1; P < 0.001 ). While key life history information needs to be determined to fully understand the impacts of high flows on river chub population dynamics, results indicate the disruption of nests through frequent high flows as a mechanism for the reduction of this important species in urbanized areas. Improved understanding of the interactions between stream processes and biota will aid in the design of specific stream protection and restoration strategies.     

Some simple tools for communicating the biophysical condition of urban rivers to support decision making in relation to river restoration

This paper illustrates a set of simple tools that may be used to assess and communicate the biophysical condition of river and riparian habitat in urban catchments. The tools are based upon information collected using the Urban River Survey (URS), a habitat survey designed for application to 500?m stretches of urban river corridor, and comprise (i) a series of aggregate indices, (ii) three classifications relating to the materials, habitat and vegetation characteristics of urban river stretches, which contribute to an overall score, the Stretch Habitat Quality Index (SHQI), and (iii) two environmental gradients which define a URS matrix of engineering:habitat associations. This toolkit may be used to gather and exchange knowledge about urban river habitat quality to a wide range of specialist or non-technical stakeholders and local community members. It may be used to provide information at the catchment and reach scales to support stakeholder discussions and decision making relating to initial site selection for restoration works; to post project appraisal; and to track changes in river character across space and through time. Example applications of the tools are provided using URS surveys undertaken on tributaries of the River Thames within London in comparison with an archive of previous surveys from three other urban river systems. These tools are being validated in London as part of a larger interdisciplinary research project that is testing the suitability of this type of approach in the context of the London Rivers Action Plan, Water Framework Directive, and urban green space regeneration.     

关于上海若干要素市场发展的思考与对策

上海的要素市场是从20世纪90年代初为适应上海建设经济中心城市而发展起来的,现已初步形成了有形市场和无形市场相结合、全国市场和地方市场相结合、综合性市场与专业性市场相结合的具有相当水平软硬件设施为基础的要素市场体系,但是在要素市场建设和发展中还存在不平衡、不完善、不到位等方面的问题。本文主要分析上海若干要素市场发展的现状与特点,并提出了相应的发展对策。即：上海科技市场要按照构建完整的创新体系的要求,建设全国性的大市场;上海金融市场要按照实现国际金融中心的要求,融入国际性的金融市场体系;上海文化市场要按照统一开放竞争有序的要求,进一步发展文化创意产业;上海服务市场要按照实施服务经济战略的要求,促进长江三角洲一体化大市场的发展;上海房地产市场要按照完善住房保障体系与房地产市场体系建设的要求,在调整中发展。     

Integrating resilience into floodplain restoration

This paper explores the role of geographic prioritization as a means of identifying lands that are especially well suited to restoration in the historical floodplain of western Oregon's Willamette River. The river and its floodplain have been extensively modified since 1850. As a result, the quantity and quality of river habitat have declined. The approach illustrated here explicitly links the potential for ecological benefits from restoration with the social and economic likelihood of restoration success. Using a consistent analytical framework, longitudinal patterns in selected biophysical and socioeconomic characteristics are quantified along the entire river length, from Eugene to Portland. Areas with high potential for ecological recovery and low socioeconomic constraints have the greatest potential for future restoration. Areas that combine low potential for ecological response with high demographic and economic costs are likely to be poor choices for restoration. Areas with high ecological potential and intermediate levels of socioeconomic constraints present intermediate opportunities for restoration. The paper identifies high priority locations for restoration, assuming the purposes of restoration are to increase river channel complexity, increase floodplain forest area, and increase natural water storage during floods. It concludes by discussing the role of visualizations in citizen involvement.     

建立中国(上海)自由贸易试验区动因及其经济效应分析

上海自贸试验区的建立,不是着眼于一城市、一区域的发展,而是力图通过开放转变政府角色、推动制度创新,突破金融领域的改革难点,从而带来"制度红利",充分运用市场调配资源的高效为我国社会主义建设事业服务。上海要实现建成金融中心、贸易中心的宏伟目标,必须从自贸试验区开始,从根本上摒除要素流动的障碍,协调好与经济腹地,与香港、深圳前海等区域的关系,实现区域经济协同发展。上海自贸试验区的建成,必将进一步推动上海服务业产业集聚,推动上海金融中心、航运中心、贸易中心更上一个能级,辐射长江流域甚至更广阔的地域。