城乡居民家庭代际收入流动的比较研究

基于CGSS2006的数据,本文对我国城乡家庭的代际收入流动性进行了比较分析,研究发现:我国城乡家庭的代际收入流动性偏弱,城镇家庭代际收入向上的流动性总体而言要高于农村家庭,代际收入流动性的差异客观上加剧城乡之间的收入差距;新生代城镇家庭子女收入向上流动的能力相对他们的前辈有所减弱,而新生代农村家庭子女收入向上流动的能力要超过他们的前辈,在与城镇同龄人的比较中也处于优势;人力资本是影响代际收入流动的主要因素,虽然在职业生涯的初期,教育并没有显著地提高代际收入向上流动的概率,但随着子女职业生涯的发展,教育对代际收入流动的影响逐渐增强。此外,家庭的经济地位和社会关系等家庭背景因素对代际收入流动也有显著的影响。     

城乡居民家庭代际收入流动的比较研究

基于CGSS2006的数据,本文对我国城乡家庭的代际收入流动性进行了比较分析,研究发现:我国城乡家庭的代际收入流动性偏弱,城镇家庭代际收入向上的流动性总体而言要高于农村家庭,代际收入流动性的差异客观上加剧城乡之间的收入差距;新生代城镇家庭子女收入向上流动的能力相对他们的前辈有所减弱,而新生代农村家庭子女收入向上流动的能力要超过他们的前辈,在与城镇同龄人的比较中也处于优势;人力资本是影响代际收入流动的主要因素,虽然在职业生涯的初期,教育并没有显著地提高代际收入向上流动的概率,但随着子女职业生涯的发展,教育对代际收入流动的影响逐渐增强。此外,家庭的经济地位和社会关系等家庭背景因素对代际收入流动也有显著的影响。     

城镇化背景下农村随迁父母的代际关系——基于代际团结模式的分析

随着城镇化进程加快,农村流动人口已呈现举家迁移趋势,农村随迁父母规模也将继续增加。家庭代际关系对农村随迁父母的生活福利有重要影响,但目前流入地政府和学术界对此未给予充分关注。本文利用2013年12月在深圳市P区的农民工随迁父母调查数据,基于代际团结模式探讨城镇化背景下农村随迁父母的代际关系。结果表明,中国的经济发展特别是城镇化进程改变了传统的家庭代际关系,农村随迁父母与外出务工子女同住增强了农村流动家庭的代际团结,女儿在家庭代际关系中扮演更加积极的角色,家庭养老的传统性别分工有所弱化。城镇化背景下依靠子女养老已经难以满足农村随迁父母的现实养老需求,而社会养老逐渐成为农村随迁父母的养老选择之一。本文是将代际团结模式分析应用于中国农村随迁父母代际关系研究的有益探索,同时可以为流入地政府制定改善农村随迁父母的生活福利、实现农民工及其家庭在流入地平等享受基本公共服务的相关政策提供现实依据。     

教育代际传递对农村子女收入性别差距的影响及差异性分析——基于反事实视角北大核心

2020年后相对贫困治理成为解决中国“三农问题”的重要任务,缩小农村收入差距、促进社会代际流动是重要施策点。而教育公平作为起点公平,是打破社会阶层固化、促进底层向上流动的重要工具,农村教育的机会平等更是后扶贫时代缓解相对贫困的基本方略。本研究基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2010-2018年数据,运用反事实视角检验教育机会不平等对农村子女收入差距的影响及变化。实证结果显示农村家庭子女存在教育机会的性别不平等,即教育代际传递过程中儿子与女儿的教育机会存在差距,女性子女教育机会受到父母教育程度的约束性影响;农村子女教育代际流动与其收入水平存在相关性,且教育代际向上流动对收入具有正向影响,而性别间也存在教育代际流动方向上的差异;教育因素对农村子女收入性别差距的贡献表现为特征效应而非系数效应,教育分布扩大了收入性别差距,而教育回报率缩小了收入性别差距;在反事实视角下,当消除女性子女教育代际传递的劣势后,子女收入性别差距减小约10%且教育禀赋不再对收入性别差距产生正向影响。相关教育政策一方面应该加强劣势群体的社会保障,改善相对贫困家庭的教育投资现状,从根本上解决农村子女上学问题;另一方面应该改善优质教育资源配置及教育机会分配。同时继续加强农村地区男女平等基本国策的宣传教育,改善女性地位,发挥女性优势。     

代际投入与农村老年人代际经济支持:代际合作与家庭效用

基于一项具有全国代表性的抽样调查数据,文章通过Logistic多元估计模型与倾向值匹配等量化方法,以代际投入对农村老年人代际经济支持的影响分析为切入点,回应了代际合作与家庭效用关系的经典命题.结果表明:父代经济收入与子代数量,影响着子代投入与农村老年人代际经济支持之间的关系.在三代的代际交换中,给予孙代的投入对农村老年人代际经济支持产生显著性影响,并且存在着稳健性的正向效应.在三代的代际合作中,给予孙代的投入对家庭效用产生了正向显著性影响.文章指出了代际合作与农村老年人家庭效用之间的正向关系,生育偏好成为影响农村老年人家庭效用的重要参数,并说明了代际交换的不平衡以及子代家庭效用增长等问题.     

子代数量对农村老年人代际经济支持的影响--以亲子两代分居家庭为研究对象

子代数量与家庭支持力的关系是家庭研究中的重要问题。论文运用“中国健康与养老追踪调查”（ CHARLS）2011年全国基线调查数据,以亲子两代分居家庭为研究对象,通过非条件Logistic模型,分析了分居家庭子代数量对农村老年人代际经济支持的影响。结果表明：在控制其他变量的前提下,分居家庭中子代数量与农村老年人代际经济支持之间存在显著性相关。随着分居家庭中子代数量增加,农村老年人获得代际经济支持的递增概率存在着拐点。当分居家庭中子代数量上升至5个时,获得代际经济支持的概率最大。随着子代数量的增加,农村老年人获得代际经济支持的概率并非完全呈现正向递增的状态。     

农村不同婚姻形式下家庭财富代际转移模式的初步分析

本文应用父母投资回报假说 ,利用湖北省松滋的调查数据 ,分析了农村不同婚姻形式下家庭代际财富转移的模式及其形成机理 ,揭示了婚姻形式与家庭财富代际转移模式的密切关系 ,说明了招赘婚姻在农村家庭养老方面的积极意义。     

家庭资产对居民收入代际传递的影响——基于CFPS经验数据分析北大核心CSSCI

文章应用2014~2018年CFPS数据,运用中介效应检验和Blanden分解方法,研究家庭资产在居民收入代际传递中的中介效应及贡献程度。研究结果表明:家庭资产在代际传递过程中存在中介效应,家庭住房资产、家庭金融性资产和家庭负债的中介效应较为稳定;通过Blanden分解,家庭资产在居民代际收入弹性分解中的解释力均呈现减弱趋势,这是社会逐步走向公平的反映。但是从城乡、地区的不同差异来看,家庭资产有不同表现。针对结论,提出以下建议:一是实施不同住房政策,针对差异化的收入群体构造不同的住房供应系统;二是加强金融资本市场的监管,以农村信用合作社为切入口,开发周期短、风险低、投资少的多种理财产品;三是加强固定资产的消费政策引导,政府和企业要延续"家电下乡"等惠民政策,助力中部地区固定资产的升级和农村的普及率;最后,优先发展小额贷款市场,发展贷款条件宽松、贷款年限较低的小额贷款市场。     

中国老年人的代际支持模式及其对养老方式选择的影响

利用2018年中国老年社会追踪调查数据,基于家庭代际关系转变视角,通过对老年人从子女处获得的经济支持、照料支持、情感支持聚类分析,划分了“低-低-低”“高-低-高”“高-高-高”三种代际支持模式。多分类Logistic回归发现,“低-低-低”模式下的老年人更可能选择自己家养老和机构养老,“高-低-高”和“高-高-高”模式下的老年人更可能选择子女家养老。代际经济支持和情感支持对老年人选择子女家养老有正向促进作用,代际照料支持对老年人选择社会化养老方式具有正向促进作用,而代际情感支持对老年人选择社会化养老方式具有反向抑制作用。研究结果表明,当代中国老年人的代际支持模式的传统性与现代性并存,代际经济支持对老年人养老方式选择的影响在不断弱化,代际照料支持未对社会化养老产生替代作用,代际情感支持很大程度上制约了老年人选择社会化养老方式。构建老年人的家庭支持体系应侧重代际情感支持,同时加强社会保障体系和养老服务体系建设,补充代际经济支持和照料支持,以建立家庭养老和社会养老之间的有效衔接,从而实现居家、社区、机构的有效联动。     

代际支持对农村老年人生活满意度影响的纵向分析

文章利用2001年、2003年和2006年安徽省农村老年人生活状况跟踪调查数据,采用个体增长模型,结合农村实际状况,考察代际支持对农村老年人生活满意度的影响。结果发现老年人获得子女提供的经济支持、代际间双向的家务帮助和情感支持提升了老年人的生活满意度;在代际支持对生活满意度的影响中,老年人获得子女提供的经济支持对获得子女提供的家务帮助具有替代作用;结果反映了农村家庭代际支持仍是以老年人的需求为中心,揭示了养儿防老的儒家孝文化在中国农村仍盛行,而老年人为子女的牺牲精神现实生活中不可被轻视,揭示了代际支持对老年人生活满意度的影响机制为主效应模型的增益作用。     

Intergenerational mobility in Sweden: a regional perspective

I employ high quality register data to present new facts about income mobility in Sweden. The focus of the paper is on regional differences in mobility, using a novel approach based on a multilevel model. This method is well suited when regions differ greatly in population size, as is the case in Sweden. The maximum likelihood estimates are substantially more precise than those obtained by running separate OLS regressions. I find that few regions are statistically significantly different from the Swedish average when measuring mobility in relative terms, while a greater number of regional differences emerge when focusing on absolute outcomes. Compared to growing up in the least favorable region, children from the most favorable region with parents located at the 25th percentile in the income distribution reach higher income ranks corresponding to approximately one monthly salary for an average Swedish worker per year.     

Health Component of Inequalities Associated with Income Mobility Over the Life Cycle

Social Indicators Research - From the two-wave French Health and Professional Career survey in 2006 and 2010, the income distribution associated with income mobility between these two dates shows...     

Childhood Family Structure and Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States

The declining prevalence of two-parent families helped increase income inequality over recent decades. Does family structure also condition how economic (dis)advantages pass from parents to children? If so, shifts in the organization of family life may contribute to enduring inequality between groups defined by childhood family structure. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, I combine parametric and nonparametric methods to reveal how family structure moderates intergenerational income mobility in the United States. I find that individuals raised outside stable two-parent homes are much more mobile than individuals from stable two-parent families. Mobility increases with the number of family transitions but does not vary with children’s time spent coresiding with both parents or stepparents conditional on a transition. However, this mobility indicates insecurity, not opportunity. Difficulties maintaining middle-class incomes create downward mobility among people raised outside stable two-parent homes. Regardless of parental income, these people are relatively likely to become low-income adults, reflecting a new form of perverse equality. People raised outside stable two-parent families are also less likely to become high-income adults than people from stable two-parent homes. Mobility differences account for about one-quarter of family-structure inequalities in income at the bottom of the income distribution and more than one-third of these inequalities at the top.     

Relative Standing and Subjective Well-Being in South Africa: The Role of Perceptions,Expectations and Income Mobility

Most studies that explore the impact of relative standing on subjective well-being use objective measures of the individual’s relative position, such as the mean income of the reference group or the individual’s ranking in the relevant income distribution. In this paper, using a new household survey from South Africa, we are able to derive subjective measures of relative standing, as information is collected on individuals’ perceptions of where they rank in the income distribution. We find considerable differences between objective and subjective measures of an individual’s relative ranking. Furthermore, our results suggest that an individual’s perceived relative status has a significantly larger effect on subjective well-being than objective measures of relative status based on reported income. We also examine the effects on subjective well-being of how individuals perceive their relative position in the income distribution to have changed since childhood, and what they expect their relative position to be in the future. We find that future upward mobility has a smaller effect than upward mobility compared to one’s past, suggesting that life satisfaction is influenced more by what has been achieved than by anticipated achievements.     

Have family income mobility patterns changed?

We examine the mobility of individuals in the United States based on equivalent family income-that is, total income of all family members adjusted for family size according to the equivalence scale implicit in the U.S. poverty line. Our analysis, which tracks movements across quintiles, centers on four questions: How much movement is there across the family income distribution? How has this mobility changed over time? To what extent are the movements attributable to factors related to changes in family composition versus events in the labor markets? In light of major socioeconomic changes occurring in the quarter-century under study, have the determinants of mobility changed over time? Our findings indicate that mobility rates in the 1980s differed little from those in the 1970s. However, individuals in families headed by a young person or a person without a college education were less likely to experience upward mobility in the 1980s than in the 1970s.     

Stochastic indicators of income mobility

Income mobility is one of the indicators of social mobility. This study explains the methodology in estimating the stochastic indicators of income mobility in Canada using aggregate time series data. Assuming stationary finite Markov chain approximation of the mobility process, the probabilities of transition from one income stratum to another was estimated. The absolute minimum deviation criterion has been employed for the period 1946–72. This investigation suggests that, on an annual basis, there was low degree of upward income mobility in Canada.     

Parental leave policies,intra-household time allocations and children’s human capital

This paper uses a general equilibrium model of marriage and divorce to assess how public policies on parental leave and leave benefits affect intra-household decision making, family structure, intergenerational mobility, and the distribution of income. The benchmark economy is calibrated to US data to replicate some characteristics relevant to the interaction between the marriage and labor markets. The effects of unpaid leave, paid leave benefits, and mandated leave on human capital investment, distribution of income, and welfare are then analyzed.      

More than Mobile: Migration and Mobility Impacts from the ‘Technologies of Change’ for Aboriginal Communities in the Remote Northern Territory of Australia

Changes in the patterns of quotidian physical mobility of the population are at the very centre of transformations in contemporary urban life. The city of Santiago, Chile is no exception to this trend. But these changes do not affect the whole population in the same way. This paper is based on a case study of a low‐income population group and how their situation of social exclusion interferes with their patterns of everyday mobility. In order to do so we describe in‐depth their everyday mobility in two central interrelated aspects: where and how these individuals travel during workdays and weekends. We conclude that in contemporary Santiago the low degrees of motility of low income population constitute one of the main ways in which contemporary social exclusion is enacted in everyday practice.     

Recent patterns in downward income mobility: Sinking boats in a rising tide

This paper employs four measures of downward income mobility and 1984–1986 PSID data to examine the extent and possible causes of downward mobility. Despite modest economic growth during this period, a substantial number of Americans experienced downward income mobility, roughly 5% to 20%. The majority of the downwardly mobile initially lived with a nonelderly, Caucasian, male, less-educated, working household head. Logit analysis indicates that the following factors significantly increase the odds of downward income mobility: Male headship; minority headship; family dissolution; nest-leaving; and having a head who works in mining, construction, manufacturing, transportation, trade, or farming. The following factors significantly lower the odds of downward income mobility: Retaining the same household head; having a college-educated head; having a head who works in a professional, technical, or operative occupation; and having a head in the finance, insurance, and real estate industry.