中国婚姻市场的教育匹配模式及收益测度

婚姻匹配是择偶双方追求婚姻收益最大化的结果,中国高等教育事业的快速发展促使婚姻市场的教育匹配模式出现相应调整,映射出不同教育匹配模式下婚姻收益以及收益差距的双重转变。现有研究主要关注婚姻教育匹配带来的经济与社会效应,在一定程度上忽略了教育及教育匹配模式在微观个体层面对婚姻收益产生的影响,以及由婚姻收益反映出的教育匹配模式的特征和变化。从婚姻收益的角度验证中国婚姻市场中个体搜寻潜在配偶的选择依据,并对过去、当前和未来教育匹配模式的特征差异和发展趋势进行经济解释已成为婚姻匹配研究领域中的一个深层次问题。因此,本文基于第五次、第六次全国人口普查微观数据和第七次全国人口普查长表数据资料分析中国婚姻市场的受教育现状、教育匹配现状及变化特征,同时通过微观数据构建婚姻匹配数据库,使用CS模型对婚姻收益进行测算,考察各受教育水平人口在不同教育匹配模式下的婚姻收益和收益差距,从而解读中国婚姻市场在教育及教育匹配模式层面呈现出的新特征和新趋势。研究发现：第一,我国高等教育普及程度不断加深,适婚年龄人口在高等教育获得方面的性别差异逐渐缩小,近10年来已出现教育性别差异逆转现象。第二,在高等教育事业不断推进的...     

数字经济发展与劳动者就业质量提升

党的二十大报告指出，实施就业优先战略，促进高质量充分就业是增进民生福祉，提高人民生活品质的重要举措。推动数字经济发展和实现更高质量就业是我国“十四五”期间的两大重要目标，数字经济如何助力高质量就业实现？文章基于工资议价视角，从理论上分析数字经济发展对劳动者就业质量的影响，并使用2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据（CFPS），借助OLS和Ⅳ-2SLS等计量模型进行实证检验。研究发现：第一，数字经济发展能够促进劳动者就业质量提升，提高了劳动者就业稳定性、就业收入水平和权益保障水平，该结论在多种稳健性检验与内生性处理后仍成立；第二，机制检验发现，社会就业机会增加与信息搜寻成本降低是数字经济发展影响劳动者就业质量的两个重要渠道；第三，进一步分析发现，数字经济发展对劳动者就业质量的促进效应存在个体异质性，对农村户籍、高受教育水平以及使用移动上网的劳动者群体更显著，但不会对依靠亲属、朋友或熟人介绍寻找工作以及无法上网的劳动者就业质量产生显著影响。     

人工智能应用对劳动工资的影响及偏向性研究

文章通过引入含有时间分配的效用函数拓展任务模型,分析人工智能应用对劳动工资的影响及作用机制,并运用中国家庭追踪调查数据进行实证检验。研究发现：（1）人工智能应用对劳动工资有负向冲击,主要通过缩短劳动工时和劳动岗位更替实现。一方面,智能机器的应用将劳动者从部分繁重的工作任务中解脱出来,减少劳动者的工作时间,从而降低工资;另一方面,机器的应用会直接替代劳动,技能“折旧效应”使其在劳动力市场上难以获得长期稳定的工作,且机器人大规模应用会弱化企业对劳动的依赖,用工关系的短期化也将引发劳动岗位的频繁更替,对劳动者的工资产生负面影响。（2）人工智能应用对不同技能劳动者工资的影响具有偏向性,劳动者技能水平的提升可以缓解人工智能应用对工资的负向冲击;人工智能应用对工资的负向影响会随着劳动者执行任务的复杂度和认知要求的提高而弱化。文章认为,要制定收入分配调节政策以平抑人工智能应用的冲击;提高劳动者的技能水平和职业转换能力,促使劳动力市场上形成“技能—岗位”匹配的良性互动。     

教育扩张下教育收益率变化的实证分析

文章利用中国健康与营养调查数据分析中国高等教育扩张过程中居民工资收入的变化规律,重点分析高等教育收益率的变化情况,以反映在长期内高等教育扩张的工资(收入)效应.考虑劳动力市场分割等因素,明瑟人力资本方程的回归结果显示,随着市场化程度的提高和高等教育的扩张,高等教育的教育收益率经历了1991～2000年的快速增长之后,2004～2006年增长势头减缓,甚至出现停止增长的迹象.说明近年教育扩张对高等教育的教育回报有明显的压缩效应,高等教育扩张所引发的工资效应正在逐步显露出来.同时,中国劳动力市场开始出现高学历对低学历的替代效应.     

城市人口集聚对劳动者就业满意度的影响研究

近年来，我国人口迁移流动向都市圈、城市群集聚的趋势更为明显。在我国城镇化加速发展的背景下，将集聚理论纳入成本—收益分析框架，结合中国劳动力动态调查微观数据与城市宏观数据，研究城市人口集聚对劳动者就业满意度的影响。研究发现：第一，城市人口集聚通过个人收入、职业匹配与公共服务等集聚收益对劳动者就业满意度产生正向影响；通过工作压力、城市房价与交通拥堵等集聚成本对劳动者就业满意度产生负向影响。综合来看，目前我国城市人口集聚仍能提升劳动者就业满意度。第二，城市人口集聚对城市户籍劳动者、高教育水平劳动者与体制内劳动者的就业满意度提升更大；相比人口高度集聚城市，人口中度集聚城市的规模扩张更可能提升劳动者就业满意度。第三，基于集聚经济理论“空间发展钟形曲线”，都市圈空间不平等表现为经济一体化的集聚阶段或分散阶段。相比经济一体化分散阶段的都市圈，处于集聚阶段的都市圈，城市人口规模扩张更可能提升劳动者就业满意度。     

基于终生收入的职工养老保险代内收入再分配效应研究

养老金制度是政府调节收入差距的主要工具,发挥着重要的收入再分配作用。以往的研究更多关注养老金的代际收入再分配作用,但是其代内收入再分配对个体参保行为的影响作用同样不可忽视。本文采用2011年《中国统计年鉴》及中国家庭金融数据,运用养老金收益的精算模型对城镇个体职工未来养老金收益及收益率进行估计,探讨我国城镇职工养老保险的代内再分配作用及其影响因素。研究表明非收入因素如个体年龄、性别及婚姻等特征对养老金收入再分配结果的影响超过收入因素。通过使用交互项分析方法发现非收入因素的影响作用显著受到收入因素的调节。收入水平会在一定程度上缓解中年职工、男性职工及已婚职工的负向转移程度。另外,在所有人群中年轻的高收入群体受益最大,中年男性高收入群体出现负向转移。研究还显示非国有经济单位养老金在分配作用中的受益明显低于国有经济单位,建议政府采取一定的补贴政策以促进其参保的积极性。最后,利率水平与工资增长率对养老金的再分配作用也具有极大的影响,政府需要考虑将二者设定在合理范围内以激发员工的参保积极性。     

教育扩张对大学毕业生收入的影响——基于断点回归设计分析

本文使用2012年"中国劳动力动态调查"数据②,基于断点回归方法评估高等教育扩招政策对收入的影响.本文的实证研究主要发现扩招政策对不同收入群体的影响不同,对低收入群体并无显著影响,但显著提高了高收入群体的收入,说明扩招促使高收入群体的高等教育收益高于低收入群体,这表明在一定程度上高等教育扩招政策并不利于社会公平,可能会造成居民收入差距进一步扩大.     

ICT使用对中国老年人生活质量的影响及作用机理研究

随着互联网等信息通信技术（Information Communications Technology，简称ICT）的飞速发展和在日常生活中的广泛应用，ICT使用对个体生活质量的影响越来越受到学界关注。以往研究表明，ICT使用对个体生活质量有重要影响，但研究结论上尚具有矛盾性。同时，以往研究较少基于中国社会文化背景分析ICT使用对中国老年人生活质量的影响，也缺乏对其内在作用机理的分析。基于2019年中国社会状况综合调查数据（Chinese Social Survey,CSS），通过使用多元线性回归模型（OLS）分析ICT使用对中国老年人生活质量的影响，通过使用倾向值得分匹配法（PSM）检验ICT使用对生活质量影响结果的稳健性，通过使用中介效应分析方法检验社会互动在ICT使用与生活质量之间的中介作用。研究发现，ICT使用能显著提高中国老年人生活质量，且社会互动中介了ICT使用对中国老年人生活质量的影响。研究结果表明，ICT使用对中国老年人生活质量有积极的促进作用，不仅能直接提升中国老年人生活质量，而且通过社会互动间接提高中国老年人生活质量。研究结果启示，在中国互联网等ICT快速发展和广泛应...     

受教育程度对流动人口就业质量的影响研究北大核心

随着流动人口规模持续扩大,流动人口的就业问题引起广泛关注,全面提升流动人口就业质量已成为社会经济转型时期推动高质量发展的迫切任务。在实现共同富裕的道路上,教育发挥着基础性、持久性、引领性的作用,是实现人力资本积累、提高劳动生产率的重要途径。同时,受教育程度作为劳动者人力资本的重要组成部分,影响着用人单位对劳动者工作能力的评定。然而对于从事劳动密集型行业的流动人口来说,教育对这一群体的就业质量究竟有怎样的影响?本文将通过构建就业质量评价指标,运用2017年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据实证研究受教育程度对流动人口就业质量的影响,比较受教育程度对不同性别流动人口就业质量影响的差异。研究表明:受教育程度的增加将会显著提高流动人口的就业质量,表现为收入增加,工作时间减少,就业稳定性增加以及社会保障参保率提高;在流动人口内部,教育对男性流动人口就业质量、收入和就业稳定性的提高作用大于女性;而对减少女性流动人口工作时间,提升获得社会保障可能性的影响更大。根据研究结果,结合我国国情,建议重视对农村地区教育资源的财政投入,加大落后地区的义务教育宣传力度,增加对落后地区女性的教育投资,保障女性流动人口的劳动权益。     

中国大学毕业生性别工资差距分布特征研究——“天花板效应”还是“粘地板效应”?

文章基于"中国大学毕业生求职与工作能力调查"数据,研究大学毕业生性别工资差距及分布特征。Quantile回归分解显示,男生毕业半年后的月工资高于女生约9%～20%,性别工资差距随分位点升高而扩大。这表明大学毕业生性别工资差距中存在"天花板效应"而非"粘地板效应"。性别工资差距中绝大部分(90%左右)归于歧视,工资分布顶端约30%的女生群体所受歧视更大,她们更应受到反歧视政策的关注。分行业和职业对性别工资的Quantile回归分解显示,行业性别隔离和职业性别隔离现象并存。此外,工作能力对缩小性别工资差距和歧视有积极作用,"211"重点大学、本科学历、具有实习经验(与专业相关和无关实习兼有)的男生工作能力更强。     

Training the nation’s elites: National–private sector differences in Japanese university education

I examine the relationship between university prestige and socioeconomic achievement in Japan. I generate a set of hypotheses based on human capital and screening models of education, and test these using a 1995 cross-sectional dataset. I find that university prestige significantly improves socioeconomic achievement among male university graduates in Japan. I also find that national university graduates have higher rates of return to their university education, and are more likely to be employed in higher prestige occupations than are private university graduates. My findings lend support to the ‘elite’ view of investments in human capital proposed by Becker (1993), under which higher ability individuals (in this case national university graduates) have more to gain from university education than do lower ability individuals. I find little support for the screening model of education.     

Ivies, extracurriculars, and exclusion: Elite employers’ use of educational credentials

Although a robust literature has demonstrated a positive relationship between education and socio-economic attainment, the processes through which formal schooling yields enhanced economic and social rewards remain less clear. Employers play a crucial role in explaining the returns to formal schooling yet little is known about how employers, particularly elite employers, use and interpret educational credentials. In this article, I analyze how elite professional service employers use and interpret educational credentials in real-life hiring decisions. I find that educational credentials were the most common criteria employers used to solicit and screen resumes. However, it was not the content of education that elite employers valued but rather its prestige. Contrary to common sociological measures of institutional prestige, employers privileged candidates who possessed a super-elite (e.g., top four) rather than selective university affiliation. They restricted competition to students with elite affiliations and attributed superior abilities to candidates who had been admitted to super-elite institutions, regardless of their actual performance once there. However, a super-elite university affiliation was insufficient on its own. Importing the logic of university admissions, firms performed a strong secondary screen on candidates’ extracurricular accomplishments, favoring high status, resource-intensive activities that resonated with white, upper-middle class culture. I discuss these findings in terms of the changing nature of educational credentialism to suggest that (a) extracurricular activities have become credentials of social and moral character that have monetary conversion value in labor markets and (b) the way employers use and interpret educational credentials contributes to a social closure of elite jobs based on socio-economic status.     

The Associations Between Parental Socio-Economic Conditions,Childhood Intelligence,Adult Personality Traits,Social Status and Mental Well-Being

This study explored a longitudinal data set of 5,090 adults examining the associations between parental social status indicators (measured at birth), childhood intelligence (measured at age 11), personality traits, educational achievement and occupational prestige in relation to mental well-being (all measured at age 50). Correlational analysis showed that parental social status indicators and childhood intelligence were significantly associated with all of the big five personality traits (extraversion, emotional stability, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and intellect). Parental social status indicators, childhood intelligence, personality traits, education and occupation were all significant correlates of mental well-being. Structural equation modelling showed childhood intelligence was significantly associated with all the five personality traits, and family social status (indicated by parental social class, and paternal and maternal education) was significantly associated with traits intellect, extraversion, and agreeableness. All the five personality traits were significant predictors of mental well-being after taking into account the effects of family social status, childhood intelligence, own education achievement and current occupational prestige. Implications and limitations are discussed.     

Educational expansion and changes in occupational returns to education in Korea

We use data from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) conducted in 1998 by the Korean Labor Institute to examine the school-to-work transition across three labor market entry cohorts of Korean men and women. Taking into account the dramatic expansion of educational system and economic changes Korean society has experienced during the last few decades, we develop hypotheses about possible changes in the effects of educational qualifications on first occupational attainment. We first conduct an OLS regression of first occupational prestige scores on education. We then look at the effects of education on the odds of entering an occupational class using multinomial logit models. The results of the two analyses indicate that educational qualifications strongly affect occupational attainment for both men and women. The effects of education, particularly junior college and university, on first occupation have declined across three labor market cohorts for women but not for men.     

The Effect of Education on the Demographic Dividend

The impact of population structure on economic growth has been studied in recent decades using different methods to estimate the so‐called demographic dividend. Besides, education has been pointed out as a key factor in economic growth. We propose a decomposition of the demographic dividend, into age and education effects. We illustrate the potentialities of the method, deriving an application to Mexico and Spain over the period 1970‐2100. To that end, we estimate the National Transfer Accounts age profiles by schooling level and apply them to recently available population projections stratified by education level. Our results confirm the role of population age structure in the demographic dividend, but also reveal that education attainment can be even more crucial. Moreover, we find that how both age and education effects finally impact on economic growth depends to a great extent on the specific consumption and labor income age profiles in each country.     

高等教育大众化的工资影响研究

自扩招政策实施以来,我国高等教育飞速发展,但是伴随而来的毕业生就业问题也日益凸显。本文首先衡量了我国高等教育的发展现状,然后利用全国综合社会调查数据（CGSS-2006）实证分析了大众化进程对高校毕业生的工资影响。研究结果表明,高校毕业生工资优势正逐步缩减。众所周知,高等教育大众化是我国经济发展方式转型的客观需要,因此有必要从各方面着手,保障高等教育质量,改善毕业生就业状况,确保大众化进程的顺利推进。     

Education and fertility in sub-Saharan africa: Individual and community effects

Using data from Demographic and Health Surveys for 22 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, I show that the average educational level in a village or a community of a similar size has a significant depressing effect on a woman's birth rates, net of urbanization and her own education. According to simulations, average fertility for these countries would be 1.00 lower if education were expanded from the current level in the region to the relatively high level in Kenya. The exclusion of aggregate education from the model leaves a response of only 0.52. A considerable aggregate contribution is estimated even when several potential determinants of education are included. This finding illustrates the need to consider aggregate education in future assessments of the total impact of education.     

An analysis of the impact of education on family size

The impact of education on family size is divided into a direct effect (holding labor force participation and age at marriage constant) and an indirect effect (varying labor force participation and age at marriage). The results suggest that (1) the indirect effect of education is greater at higher levels of the wife's education, (2) the direct effect is greater at lower levels of education in most cases, (3) the indirect effects do not vary systematically with husband's education, (4) but the direct effect does vary systematically with husband's education if the education of the wife is low but not if wife's education is high.     

Effects of education on reproductive behavior: lessons from Pakistan

Evidence from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 1990/91 (PDHS) and a 1987 study by Zeba A. Sathar and Karen Oppenheim on women's fertility in Karachi and the impact of educational status, corroborates the correlation between improved education for women and fertility decline. PDHS revealed that current fertility is 5.4 children/ever married woman by the end of the reproductive period. 12% currently use a contraceptive method compared to 49% in India, 40% in Bangladesh, and 62% in Sri Lanka. The social environment of high illiteracy, low educational attainment, poverty, high infant and child and maternal mortality, son preference, and low status of women leads to high fertility. Fertility rates vary by educational status; i.e., women with no formal education have 2 more children than women with at least some secondary education. Education also affects infant and child mortality and morbidity. Literacy is 31% for women and 43% for men. 30% of all males and 20% of all females have attended primary school. Although most women know at least 1 contraceptive method, it is the urban educated woman who is twice as likely to know a source of supply and 5 times more likely to be a user. The Karachi study found that lower fertility among better educated urban women is an unintended consequence of women's schooling and deliberate effort to limit the number of children they have. Education-related fertility differentials could not be explained by the length of time women are at risk of becoming pregnant (late marriage age). Fertility limitation may be motivated by the predominant involvement in the formal work force and higher income. The policy implications are the increasing female schooling is a good investment in lowering fertility; broader improvements also need to be made in economic opportunities for women, particularly in the formal sector. Other needs are for increasing availability and accessibility of contraceptive and family planning services and increasing availability and accessibility of contraceptive and family planning services and increasing knowledge of contraception. The investment will impact development and demography and is an adjunct to child health an survival.