医疗保险对农村居民家庭消费的影响分析--基于不同收入层级的跨地区比较

利用2009、2010农村固定观察点数据,分析了医疗保险对不同地区、不同收入层级的农村居民家庭医疗消费支出和非医疗消费支出的影响。实证结果表明：医疗保险对农村居民家庭的医疗类消费不存在显著影响,对非医疗类消费支出则存在显著的正向促进作用。分地区来看,医疗保险对东西部地区农村居民家庭医疗类消费的影响差异显著,对东中部地区农村居民家庭非医疗类消费支出的影响同样差异显著;分收入层级来看,医疗保险对家庭医疗类消费的影响在不同收入层级的农村居民家庭之间不存在显著差异,但对非医疗类消费支出的影响在不同收入层级之间差异显著。此外,商业医疗保险作为医疗保险体系的重要组成部分,对促进农村消费起到带动作用。最后,本文从加大政府补贴和完善保障机制两个方面提出政策建议以期有效降低农村居民家庭超常的预防性储蓄,促进农村居民家庭消费。     

影响转型期中国农村贫困率指标的因素的分解研究

文章利用统计年鉴的分组数据拟合出洛伦兹曲线,计算贫困率指标,再将其变动分解为经济增长和收入分配的作用。最后得出结论:中国农村贫困状况逐渐缓解,其变化具有明显的周期性;经济增长使农村居民收入增加,贫困率下降,其贡献随经济波动出现周期性;中国农村居民的收入差距逐渐拉大,收入不平等加剧农村贫困;中国农村居民收入差距的变动尚在"库兹涅茨倒U曲线"的前半段,呈收敛趋势向拐点逐渐靠拢。     

西北地区农村最低生活保障标准测定与评估——基于宁夏回族自治区的实证研究

本文运用扩展线性支出模型（ELES），以宁夏回族自治区为例，分析了西北地区农村最低生活保障标准的确定，提出并测算了三条不同层次的农村最低生活保障线。结果发现，从消费支出角度测算的农村最低生活保障线远远高于目前政府所执行的标准，农村居民的基本消费被严重低估。因此，在西北地区农村最低生活保障标准的确定过程中，要充分考虑农村居民消费的相对性和多样性。特别地，随着经济社会的发展和财政收入的增长，政府要及时提高农村最低生活保障的水平。     

西北地区农村居民收入结构：内部差异及影响因素

农民增收一直是中国“三农”问题的核心。促进农民增长不仅是提高农村居民生活水平的需要,同时也是扩大内需、转变经济发展方式的内在要求。改革开放以来,随着中国的工业化、城镇化进程不断加快,农村剩余劳动力向城市及非农产业大量转移,农村居民的收入来源更加多元化,非农收入的比重持续提高,农村居民的收入结构发生了显著变化。基于以上分析,本文研究了20世纪90年代以来西部地区农村居民收入结构变动特点、内部区域差异及影响因素。并在此基础上,提出促进西部农村居民收入增长的政策建议。     

农户消费行为两阶段LES-AIDS模型分析——基于陕西省农村住户的微观实证

由于人口规模的原因,农村住户食品消费的变化对中国和世界食品市场均有较大影响。文章采用LES-AIDS模型和国家统计局陕西省农调队2005年农户微观调查数据,建立了两阶段预算需求系统估计农户总消费需求和农户9种食品项目的消费需求。研究发现,食品、衣着、燃料、住房和耐用消费品及其他均缺乏价格弹性,住房和耐用消费品及其他支出弹性大于1仍然属于奢侈品,食品和衣着消费是必需品;在食品内部消费中,价格弹性范围是-0.942～-0.362,牛肉、猪肉、家禽的支出弹性较高,粮食、蔬菜、糖的支出弹性较低,住房对农户食品消费有明显的挤出效应,农户自身特征变量对农户消费模式影响显著,不同收入组农户食品消费结构有明显差异。     

金融周期、收入差距与居民消费——基于收入来源和收入群体视角

文章结合金融周期理论分析了金融周期对居民消费的直接效应和间接调节效应,并利用1999～2020年省级面板数据考察中国居民消费不足的原因。研究表明:(1)消费顺金融周期变动,正向金融冲击增加居民消费支出,负向金融冲击减少居民消费支出。(2)收入差距不仅抑制居民消费支出,而且对消费顺金融周期性存在显著负面调节效应。收入差距会削弱正向金融冲击对消费支出的促进效应,加剧负向金融冲击对消费支出的削减效应。(3)从全国层面看,城乡经营性、财产性收入差距的负面调节效应更大;分区域看,城乡工资性、经营性收入差距对中部负面调节效应更大,城乡财产性、转移性收入差距对东部负面调节效应更大。(4)城镇中高、中等和中低收入群体之间收入差距的负面调节效应更大。降低收入差距对消费顺金融周期性负面调节效应进而促进居民消费支出和消费持续恢复应精准收入来源、收入群体和区域施策。     

人口流动、老龄化对农村居民消费的影响

利用中国1%人口抽样调查和人口普查的省域数据,从四个截面考察人口外流、农村人口老龄化对农村居民消费的影响,研究结果发现,农村人口老龄化对农村居民消费倾向具有显著的正向影响,农村老年人口的生活来源与健康状况是其中的影响因素;人口流动通过直接与间接效应对农村居民消费也表现出显著的正向影响。人口外流与老龄化均不同程度刺激、助长了农村居民消费。完善农村的社会养老及医疗保障体系、适度发展老年产业、规范和鼓励农村人口流动为现时期应对农村人口老龄化和促进农村居民消费提供了重要切入点。     

常住人口迁移与上海城市发展研究

文章定量说明“移民城市”是上海大都市的重要特征,人口迁移是城市发展的巨大引擎。近5年来,上海市常住人口迁移数量大约为户籍人口迁移的6.3倍,常住人口迁移比户籍人口迁移对城市经济增长的贡献率更高。作者指出,传统的建立在户籍制度上的人口迁移统计和人口管理体制已经不适应,并将越来越不能适应人口研究、分区域人口预测和城市动态管理的需要;提出完善常住人口迁移统计,需要积极引导人口迁移促进城市发展,需要大力推动城市户籍体制等人口管理制度的改革。     

农村新型合作医疗与农民的医疗保障

文章运用2004年中国营养与健康调查数据,分析了农村新型合作医疗是否解决了农民的医疗保障问题,试图从微观层面探讨中国农村合作医疗步履艰难的原因。该研究建立了农民参加合作医疗及医疗支出的选择行为两个决策模型,结果表明,自评健康状况非常好及差的农民均不愿意参加合作医疗,即农村合作医疗组织不仅存在逆向选择,分散农民医疗风险的能力也较弱。从医疗支出模型来看,农村居民是否有医疗支出及医疗支出的多少主要取决于疾病的严重程度,而农民参加合作医疗对此无显著性影响,可见,中国目前推行的新型合作医疗制度并没有为农村居民提供足够的医疗保障。     

中国农村贫困居民收入流动性研究

通过多变量Prob it模型考察我国农村贫困居民的收入流动性。分析两期之间农村贫困的状态依赖性,探讨决定我国农村居民当期免于贫困的因素,研究发现:人力资本投资中的教育投资和健康投资的反贫困效果最好;从贫困的状态依赖性来看,我国农村低收入者没有陷入明显的持续贫困,收入流动性较强;农村女性收入状况逐年改善,婚姻状况有利于缓解贫困,国家公务员或者企业经理,政府机关、国有企事业单位性质的员工陷入贫困的概率更低,东部地区居民容易免于贫困;改革开放的制度变迁给农村居民带来收入变动的机遇,同时也增加了他们收入的不稳定性;回归结果对低收入门槛的定义比较敏感,有必要在收入分布的"绝对贫困"区域上方再划定一个"基本贫困"区域。     

The rise of one-person households and their recent characteristics in Korea

"This paper explores the rise in the proportion of one-person households [in South Korea] which since 1960 was attributable largely to rural-to-urban migration of young people. The heavy migration of young people from rural to urban cities actually brought about the rural household division which contributed to the fall in household size, and contributed to the increase in one-person households of urban young singles, on the one hand, and the increase in one-person households of rural elderly widows, on the other. The rise in the aggregate propensity to live alone was also evident.... Although the rise in one-person households was evident and by 1990 about one out of every ten households was a one-person household, the findings on the recent characteristics of one-person households do not indicate any big change in the traditional family norms."     

中国老年人储蓄对家庭消费的影响 ——基于CHARLS面板数据的分析

在我国快速老龄化和居民储蓄率居高不下的背景下,结合老年人储蓄偏好和消费特点,构建家庭消费计量分析模型,文章利用CHARLS2011、2013、2015年微观跟踪调查数据,采用工具变量—随机效应模型划分年龄层次和消费类别逐级估计,重点考察老年人储蓄对其家庭消费的影响。研究表明,老年人储蓄水平越高,对家庭消费的促进能力就越强;分城乡来看,农村老年人储蓄对家庭消费的贡献更大;按年龄组别来看,中、低龄老年人储蓄对家庭消费的影响显著,高龄老年人储蓄对家庭消费的影响不显著;按消费类别看,老年人储蓄偏重于家庭基本生活、教育文化、健康等刚性消费支出,城镇和农村老年人储蓄对不同消费类别影响的差异主要表现在日常支出、医疗保健和耐用消费品等方面。此外,研究还发现,老年人拥有房产对家庭消费具有非常明显的提振作用,家庭收入和老年人借贷对家庭消费的贡献显著。     

户籍类型与城乡居民医疗服务利用 ——基于Andersen模型的经验分析

本文利用中国社会科学院经济研究所2018年城乡居民入户调查数据,从户籍改革角度分析户口类型改变对城乡居民医疗服务利用的影响。研究发现:与户口类型未发生改变的城乡居民相比,户口类型发生过改变(农转非)的城乡居民门急诊服务利用的可能性更高,住院医疗服务支出水平更低。从户籍改革与参保类型交互效应看,相对于户口类型未发生过改变的居民医保参保人群,户口类型发生改变(农转非)会显著提高居民医保参保人群门急诊服务利用,同时降低其住院服务利用。进一步采用PSM方法进行稳健性检验,户籍改革对提高城乡居民门急诊服务利用,降低住院医疗服务利用的结论依然成立。此外,本文还发现,直接结算提高了城乡居民门急诊和住院的就诊概率;健康自评状况越差,门急诊和住院医疗服务利用可能性越高,门急诊医疗支出、住院医疗支出和跨省异地就医支出也越高。本文认为,相对于推行基层分级诊疗制度,以户籍改革推动农村居民自由流入医疗资源更丰富的城镇地区,改革基层卫生院制度,以及改变基层医疗服务提供激励机制,可能更有助于改善农村居民健康状况。     

户籍管制放松、就读地选择与进城家庭教育支出

本文利用中国家庭收入项目调查数据(CHIP2007),运用Two-Part模型研究户籍管制放松是否影响以及如何影响有7~16岁在读子女进城家庭的教育支出行为。研究发现,户籍管制放松会影响进城家庭子女就读地选择;对于有子女在城市就读的进城家庭,户籍管制放松对其教育支出水平的影响取决于家庭收入,放松户籍管制将会降低低收入进城家庭的教育支出份额,但会提高高收入进城家庭的教育支出份额,具体影响大小因家庭收入水平的不同而存在差异;在总样本均值处,户籍管制放松1个百分点,进城家庭教育支出将减少1.3945个百分点。在推进新型城镇化建设的背景下,放松户籍管制的意义不仅在于促进教育公平,更在于加快人口城镇化步伐、改善进城家庭消费结构和提振国内消费。     

Urban and peri-urban agriculture and its implication on food and nutrition insecurity in northern Ghana: a socio-spatial analysis along the urban–rural continuum

Food and nutrition insecurity remains a challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. Several studies have examined food and nutrition insecurity in urban or rural areas but have not captured the whole continuum. Between November and December 2013, 240 households were surveyed along the urban–rural continuum in Northern Ghana. The study objective was to understand the socio-spatial dynamics of household food and nutrition insecurity and to investigate the role played by urban, peri-urban and rural agriculture. The study found that there was more involvement in agriculture in rural areas compared to peri-urban areas and urban areas. Households from urban areas were more food insecure (HFIAS >?11) compared to their counterparts in peri-urban and the rural areas. Stunting increased by 3.4 times (p?=?0.048) among households located in the peri-urban area. Wasting was reduced by 0.16 times among household that produced staple food or vegetables (p?=?0.011). Overweight was reduced by 0.04 times among households that produced livestock (p?=?0.031). The results reveal a socio-spatial dimension of food and nutrition insecurity that is related to agricultural activities.     

中国家庭育儿成本——基于等价尺度福利比较的测度

利用2016年CLDS和CFPS数据,基于等价尺度Engel模型法和Rothbarth模型法,精确估算了中国家庭孩童抚育成本。研究显示,与仅有两个成人没有孩子的家庭相比,一孩家庭总支出将提高63.91%至67.62%,二孩家庭总支出将提高139.28%至149.99%(孩均提高69.64%至75%),二孩抚育并未显现出“规模经济”。家庭育儿成本随孩子年龄增大而提高,城镇家庭育儿成本普遍高于农村家庭,城乡家庭间存在基于人口特征的差异化支出偏好。基于中国育儿成本等价尺度测度的政府差异化育儿津贴补助模拟分析表明,发放差异化育儿津贴可有效缓解家庭育儿经济负担并缩小家庭间收入差距。     

Change comes slowly for women in rural Bangladesh

Survey results from two disparate rural areas of Bangladesh, Sirajgong and Gopalpur subdistricts in the north-central part of the country and Abhoynagar and Fultala subdistricts in the southwest, offer the opportunity to assess the changing status of women in rural Bangladesh. The survey, conducted by the Mother and Child Health/Family Planning Extension Project of the International Center for Diarrheal Disease Control during 1982-89, collected data on 7433 ever-married women 15-56 years old. The analysis focused on two indicators: women's freedom to move outside their homes (mobility) and women's authority in household decision making. Although most respondents moved freely between households, they rarely traveled outside their village alone. In addition, respondents had little input in household decisions regarding health or expenditures. 65% felt they should be able to decide whether to see a doctor when they were ill or to buy medicine for a sick child, but only 7% actually made such decisions on their own. The majority approved of women working outside their homes, but only 11% did so. Both mobility and authority tended to increase with a woman's age. Women who lived in households headed by their in-laws had less mobility and much less authority. Women from poor homes had greater mobility, but wealth had little effect on household decision making. Education tended to increase decision-making authority but decrease mobility. Finally, the greater economic development, ecological stability, cultural diversity, and social progressiveness in the southwestern region tended to increase both mobility and authority.     

贫困地区劳动力迁移、农户收入与贫困的缓解——基于新疆农户面板数据的实证分析

本文基于新疆30个贫困县、3000个农户、2008-2010年的微观面板数据,在控制了家庭规模、劳动力数量等家庭特征变量和粮食播种面积等村庄特征变量的前提下．运用固定效应法与工具变量法分别考察了劳动力迁移规模、迁移方式与迁移区位对家庭收入的影响．并进一步分析了劳动力迁移对贫困的缓解效应。回归结果表明：劳动力迁移规模虽然对农户农业收入有负向影响．但显著提高了农户人均收入与利他性收入：自发性迁移与政府组织性迁移方式均能显著提高农户收入,且自发性迁移的作用更强;省内县外迁移对农户收入的提高最为显著,其次为县内乡外迁移．省外迁移不影响农户收入：劳动力迁移规模提高了中等收入农户的收入水平。但对贫困户的贫困无缓解效应．也不影响富裕户的收入水平。     

"Struggling to Keep the Wolf from the Door"? Analysis of Rural Poverty Using a Consumption-Based Approach in West Belesa District,Ethiopia

Ethiopia has one of the highest poverty rates in the world where 24% of the population lives in extreme poverty. While urban poverty reduced from 26% in 2011 to 15% in 2016, rural poverty reduced only from 30 to 26% in the same periods. Improper identification of the rural poor and ill-understanding of the extent of rural poverty is among the challenges in designing appropriate poverty reduction interventions in rural areas. Thus, this study analyzes the extent of rural poverty employing a consumption-based approach and identifies the determinants of rural poverty at a household level. A household survey was conducted and data were randomly collected from 194 households from four representative villages in the west Belesa district of Ethiopia. The food and non-food consumption measurement calculated by the cost of basic need approach were 2949.40 ETB (ETB is Ethiopian Birr, which is the Ethiopian currency. 1 ETB is equivalent to 0.025 US$) and 1485.78 ETB per year per Adult Equivalent (AE), respectively. The rural poverty indices (i.e. headcount index, poverty gap, and squared poverty gap) calculated based on the consumption-based poverty line were 38.1, 8.84, and 3.1%, respectively. The binary logit analysis shows that having a bigger family had a significant and positive relationship with rural poverty. Conversely, larger landholding, plowing oxen, and livestock ownership as well as a higher amount of non/off-farm income have a significant and negative relationship with the poverty status of households. The study found that rural poverty is deep and complex in the study area calling for the design of location-specific and holistic poverty reduction strategies.