甘肃省居民收入分配基尼系数的测算和回归分析

收入分配差距是我国社会各界关注的焦点问题之一。本文采用适当的方法,计算了甘肃省近十年以来城镇内部、农村内部以及城乡总体基尼系数,通过回归模型对甘肃省收入差距的主要影响因素和发展动态进行了实证分析,并据此得出了相应的政策性结论。     

中国的教育差距与收入差距——基于深圳市住户调查的分析

文章以中国改革开放最早、也是中国最富裕的城市深圳为例,研究中国的收入差距问题.研究发现(1)利用2006年深圳市住户调查数据测算出深圳市的基尼系数为0.56,达到中国城市最高水平.(2)泰尔指数的分解表明,户口制度和地区发展优惠政策是产生收入差距的制度性原因.(3)用Oaxaca-Blinder法进行的分解分析表明,平均受教育年限的差距(即教育差距)可以解释城乡收入差距的将近40%.文章的结论是,中国的收入分配差距主要是由政府的差别性政策等制度性原因和教育差距等市场因素造成的.     

基于Gini系数和Theil’s标准的陕西省城乡居民收入差距研究

城乡统筹发展是西部大开发的重点问题之一。研究陕西城乡收入差距问题对于制定西部大开发下城乡统筹发展具有借鉴意义。通过利用基尼系数和泰尔熵标准。精确测算了陕西省城乡居民高、中、低层次收入差距,发现改革开放以来陕西省城乡居民收入差距总体上呈上升趋势。到2002年达到阶段性的峰值。弥补了以往定性分析研究的缺陷。并提出解决陕西省城乡统筹发展的对策。     

我国人力资本地区分布差异及其变化考探——基于不平等指数的度量与分解视角

本文运用基尼系数等不平等指数,考查了21世纪以来我国分地区的人力资本分布差异情况及其变化特征。结果表明,我国分地区的人力资本分布存在着较大的差异,其中东、中、西部地区间差距对总体差异的贡献率达到35%以上,而城乡间的差距贡献率一直都在75%以上;2005年之前我国人力资本的分布经历了一个分化的过程,2005年后尽管普及九年义务教育力度的提升在一定程度上平衡了乡村地区的人力资本分布,但城乡差距在总体差异中的贡献不但没有减小,反而还有所扩大。     

最低生活保障支出对缩小居民收入差距效果的实证研究

消除居民收入差距是政府和社会各界共同的愿望,最低生活保障制度作为政府财政向贫困人群的直接转移支出,是最重要的收入再分配政策之一。本文基于2007²011年全国省级面板数据,在验证我国经济发展存在"库兹涅茨曲线"特征的基础上,运用FE面板数据计量经济学方法,对最低生活保障支出对缩小城市、农村以及城乡之间居民收入差距的影响效应进行实证分析。结果表明,城市最低保障支出显著扩大了城乡居民收入差距,并使城市基尼系数有增加的趋势,而农村低保支出则显著降低了城乡居民收入差距。在控制变量中,城镇基本养老保险覆盖面扩大,有助于降低城乡居民收入差距,而城市化既会降低城乡居民收入差距,也会加大城市基尼系数。总体上,我国经济发展正处于基尼系数上升阶段,短期内随着经济不断发展,收入差距呈现出必然的上升趋势,而最低生活保障制度对缩小居民收入差距的作用非常有限,未来加强其他收入分配政策的调整与改革,任务还很艰巨。     

中国人口老龄化的地区差异分析

本文基于1990—2013年省际面板数据,以老年人口比重作为老龄化指标,采用基尼系数分解方法和Kernel密度估计方法,实证分析了中国人口老龄化的地区差异及其动态演进过程。研究结果表明：中国人口老龄化在地区分布上呈现出明显的非均衡特征;基尼系数测算及其分解结果表明,人口老龄化的地区差异总体上呈现波动缩小趋势;2004年以前,地区间差距和超变密度交替成为总体地区差异的主要来源,2004年以后,超变密度成为总体差异的主要来源。 Kernel密度估计显示,老龄化程度不断加深,地区差异呈波动趋势。     

中国城乡人口迁移数量决定因素的实证研究:1992~2004

通过对影响中国城乡迁移的因素进行实证分析,得到如下结论:第一,中国的经济增长对城乡迁移具有比较明显地促进作用;第二,人均耕地面积的减少成为城乡迁移比较重要的推动力量;第三,中国城镇新增就业岗位对城乡迁移具有显著的正向影响,中国城镇失业率对城乡迁移的影响不显著,中国的城乡迁移仍存在盲目性;第四,中国城乡收入差距对城乡迁移的作用不显著。     

贵州城乡收入差距的演进及决定因素分析

目前贵州的收入差距问题已经相当突出,成为学界和政界关注的焦点。基尼系数和泰尔系数的分解显示,贵州收入差距主要表现为城乡差距。基于贵州1978—2010年地市级数据的实证研究发现:生产要素初始分配不公和资本的稀缺性、城乡人均资本存量和人力资本的差距、以及不合理的制度安排,促进了贵州城乡收入差距的扩大;收入差距对贵州当期和中长期的经济增长有负面影响。推进市场化改革、提高教育水平以及改善财政支农效率等有助于缩小贵州的收入差距。     

中国行业工资差距的演化与特征

文章采用多种不平等指数,从静态和动态两方面分析了1983～2010年中国行业工资差距的演化与特征。无论是用基尼系数、泰尔指数还是阿特金森指数计算的行业工资差距均表明,中国行业工资差距在20世纪80年代呈下降趋势,并于1988年达到最低点,之后开始持续上升至今。行业工资分布的演化表明,中国行业工资呈现出高者愈高、低者愈低的行业"马太效应"。基于广义基尼系数的行业工资差距变化分解结果表明,20世纪80年代的行业工资增长更多地集中于低工资行业,90年代以后的行业工资增长更多地集中于高工资行业。基于行业工资转换矩阵和流动性指数的测算结果表明,在考察期内,中国行业工资流动性越来越弱,只有在1983～1992年的行业工资流动性才是社会合意的,其他时期的行业工资流动性过低。     

20世纪90年代中期以来西北地区城镇居民收入差距波动研究

在西北地区经济持续高速增长,城镇居民生活水平提高的同时,他们的基尼系数也在随之发生波动．总的趋势较平稳,但稳中有降。通过运用基尼系数和泰尔熵指数为分析工具。发现该地区城镇居民的组间收入差距在总差距中占主导因素。统筹区域经济协调发展,中央政府应该在发展中逐步缩小地区间收入差距。     

The Trend of China＇s Gini Coefficient： A Calculation by Subdividing People Groups of 2000~2009＇s National Statistic Data

To reduce the error factors on calculating China’s Gini Coefficient, this paper first subdivides people (data of 2000～2009) into multiple groups according to 3 gaps, ie. interregional, urban-rural and wealth , then sorts the groups of urban and rural according to each income level. The area method is used to calculate the Gini Coefficient. The finding shows that China’s Gini Coefficient is at a high level. It became bigger during the 10th Five-year Plan period but kept stable during the 11th Five-year Plan period. Under the rapid developmentofurbanization,theincome distribution in urban areas became one of the biggest contributive factors to Gini Coefficient.     

1964～2005年我国人口受教育状况的变动——基于人口普查/抽查资料的分析

人口受教育状况通常被当作衡量某一国家或地区社会经济发展状况的重要指标。利用全国人口普查或抽查资料,运用趋势分析和队列分析方法,分析1964~2005年间我国人口受教育状况的变动情况;1982~2005年间分性别、分城乡人口受教育状况的变动情况;不同年代出生人口的受教育状况的变动情况。结果发现,我国人口平均受教育年限逐步提高,教育基尼系数逐渐降低,男女之间的教育差距逐步缩小,但城乡之间的差距继续扩大。每个队列人口平均受教育年限均有所提高,且各队列人口取得了不同方式和不同程度的"进步",其中既有年龄效应作用的结果,也有队列和时期效应作用的结果。     

Iran’s Multi-ethnic Mosaic: A 23-Year Perspective

In this study, we embark on measuring inequality in Iran. We compute three measures of group-based inequality (Group-weighted Coefficient of Variation, Group-weighted Gini, and Group-weighted Theil) for the following outcomes: education, assets, income, and expenditure per capita. The groups are defined based on gender, ethnicity/language (Persian, Azeri, and other ethnic minorities), and region (urban versus rural and capital city versus other places) using 23 years of annual Household Expenditure and Income Surveys from 1990 through 2012. Inequality between groups based on religion (Muslim, non-Muslim), citizenship (Iranian, non-Iranian) are also studied using the 2006 census. Our analysis of the trend of horizontal inequality reveals substantial reduction in between-group inequalities over the 1990–2012 period. Yet, gender based income inequality remains high. The implications and underlying reasons for these results are discussed.

     

中国人口和计划生育管理与评估改革的现状与展望——兼谈联合国人口基金管理与评估改革项目的实践进程与拓展应用

"十一五"时期,在国际合作项目的推动下,中国的人口和计划生育管理与评估改革围绕管理系统的计划制定和评估考核两个环节进行了一系列创新,并在项目地区的实践中取得了长足进展。为了促进管理与评估改革成果在更大范围内拓展应用,建议:加强项目县经验总结,形成适合于不同环境下的"管理与评估改革"模式;借助项目县改革经验,以项目县为"圆心"逐步带动整个地区实现改革;动员各省将管理与评估改革纳入综合改革的范畴,推动地市实行管理评估改革;倡导全国加速扩大目标管理责任制改革试点,推动各省进行管理与评估改革。     

Education Expansion, Educational Inequality, and Income Inequality: Evidence from Taiwan, 1976–2003

The expansion of higher education in Taiwan starting from the late 1980s has successfully raised the average level of education. Using the concept of the education Gini, we find that the educational inequality declined as average schooling rose during the period of 1976–2003. The impacts of a rising average schooling and a declining educational inequality are also tested empirically in this paper. The evidence supports that a higher level of average schooling will generate a lower income inequality. On the other hand, a lower educational inequality, as measured by education Gini coefficient, will also cause a lower income inequality. Skill-biased technological change that shifts the labor demand from unskilled workers toward skilled workers is the most likely cause for the rising income inequality in Taiwan. However, the trend of rising income inequality could be reversed due to possible future over-education and unemployment in the labor market.     

Population goal set for China's new five-year plan

China's 7th Five-Year Plan recommends that China's total mainland population be held within the limit of 1.113 billion, with an annual average natural growth rate of about 12.4/1000. As a large number of youths will reach marriage and childbearing age during the course of the 7th Five-Year Plan, the Plan affords a high priority to the family planning program and to the control of population growth. The plan proposes 5 policies and measures to realize its goal: continuous efforts need to be made to give family planning a high priority; late marriage, late childbearing, and the 1-child family should be advocated; ideological and political education should be strengthened; scientific and technological research devoted to family planning should be intensified; and family planning communication and service centers at the county level should be consolidated and strengthened, and the family planning program should be conducted systematically and be ongoing.     

The household composition coefficient: A method for measuring inequality in the distribution of childrearing demands among households

A method for measuring distributional inequality was applied to household composition data to document and analyze the trend in the distribution of children and adult among households. Lorenz Curve methodology was used to depict the departure of child-adult living arrangements from absolute equality. Households and children were ranked by a child-adult ratio to capture the trend toward smaller families, single-parent families, and childless households. A Gini Coefficient was calculated to mathematically represent the relative degree of inequality in the distribution of childrearing demands from 1940 to 1980. The results evidence a trend of growing inequality, particularly since 1960, in the distribution of childrearing demands. The measure has application as a social indicator to document the extent to which responsibilities for daily care of children are distributed through the population.     

公共物品价格对城镇低收入者收入的动态影响

城镇低收入群体增收是中国十二五期间的重要任务之一。城镇公共物品供给不足和价格上涨是制约低收入者增收的关键因素。文章分析表明,城镇公共物品供给水平与城镇低收入家庭人均可支配收入存在长期均衡关系,且具有正向作用。通过运用VAR模型估算,短期内城镇公共物品价格上涨对低收入者有明显的正向影响,但长期会导致负面影响。文章最后提出建立以公共物品为导向的城镇低收入者增收对策。     

A grand gathering of model family planning workers in China

At the 1986 National Commendation Conference of Family Planning Vice Premier Wan Li told the 600 participants from all parts of China that the task of controlling population growth during the 6th Five-Year Plan had been accomplished and that the trend of population growth had been held in check. He emphasized the progress made in the field of family planning, noting that family planning is a basic state policy of China and that the government always regarded family planning as a priority concern. Wan Li made the point that the population control stipulated in the 6th Five-Year Plan is of great significance to the promotion of China's 4 modernizations -- socialist construction and the improvement in the living standards of the people -- as well as helpful to the stabilization of world population growth. Recommending a flexible approach to family planning, the Vice Premier urged those engaged in family planning to work to overcome compulsory and coercive approaches. He recommended scientific research devoted to birth control technology and asked family planning workers to give family planning a higher priority in order to assure fulfillment of the plan for population control as outlined in the 7th Five-Year Plan.