Gender, Feminism, and Partisanship among Women's PAC Contributors

Objective . We examine the political attitudes and priorities of contributors to two prominent women's PACs for evidence of a gender gap. Methods . A survey of contributors to EMILY's List and to WISH List shows that contributors to both organizations are overwhelmingly women. However, because EMILY's List is so large, there is a sufficient number of men to compare to the two groups of women using percentages and difference-of-means tests. Results . Partisanship is the overriding influence on political priorities and attitudes toward economic and social welfare policy. However, partisanship and gender interact to influence political attitudes in at least two areas. First, EMILY's List men are more supportive of militarism and use of force than are EMILY's List women, but they are less supportive than WISH List women. Second, the women of EMILY's List are more staunchly feminist than either EMILY's List men or WISH List women. Conclusions . We conclude that the source of each group's financial commitment to women's political equality and reproductive rights is different: for EMILY's List women, it is liberal feminism; for WISH List women, it is libertarianism; and for EMILY's List men, it is general egalitarianism.     

对女性主义社会性别概念的哲学透视

"社会性别"概念是女权主义理论的核心概念。后现代理论并不能克服女权主义理论及社会性别理论的局限性。而且,由于后现代理论自身的缺陷,它决不会引导女性走向最终的解放。     

Foundations of Feminism: How Philanthropic Patrons Shaped Gender Politics*

Objectives. Although recent research has documented the contributions of philanthropic foundations as “patrons” of the major identity movements, scholars know very little about the specific ways foundations have influenced these movements' development and impact. This study examines the role of foundations in shaping the U.S. women's movement of the 1960s–1980s, in particular the role that foundations played in deciding which of its claimsmakers—and by extension, its claims—would be sustained. Methods. The study is based on an original data set of nearly 6,500 foundation grants to women's groups, or for women's causes, from 1970 to 1990. It examines shifts in the types of groups that received foundation grants and in the female interests that these groups represented. Results. Philanthropic patrons were central to transforming women from servants of society into claimants against the state. Likewise, foundations played a critical role in segmenting U.S. womanhood into politically relevant subgroups (civic stewards, battered women, lesbians, etc.) with ever narrower policy claims. Conclusions. By legitimizing identity subgroups and their policy agendas, foundations played an important role in the development of special interest politics in the second half of the 20th century. In this way, professional grantmakers have constituted a critical yet overlooked force behind the construction of U.S. hyperpluralism, in the process diminishing the capacity of gender to unite women in common cause.     

Feminism and Male Scholarship: The Treatment of Women and Gender in Social Policy Texts

This paper reports the results of a study of sixty selected British and Australian academic texts on social policy and the welfare state. The purpose of the study was to investigate changes over the last fifteen years in the ways in which the position of women and gender-related issues are dealt with by feminist and non-feminist writers in the social policy field. Differences in the levels of feminist awareness in the various texts are found to be associated with the sex of the author, the type of book, the date of publication, the country of publication, and the socio-political and intellectual context in which the various texts were produced.     

循环经济与可持续发展刍议

发展循环经济已经成为当今世界的潮流和趋势,循环经济将经济活动组织成为"资源-产品-消费-再生资源"的物质反复循环的闭环式流程,从上世纪90年代确定可持续发展战略以来,发达国家正在把发展循环经济、建立循环型社会看作是实施可持续发展战略的重要途径和实现方式.循环经济是集经济、技术、社会于一体的系统工程,其启动和推广不仅需要政府、企业、科学界和公众等社会各界的不懈努力和共同参与,而且需要资金、技术以及法规、制度等软硬环境的强力支撑.     

伍尔夫的叙述艺术与女性主义

伍尔夫是一位现代小说艺术的自觉实验者,女性化书写是其艺术实验的一个自觉追求。她从女性主义立场出发,对传统小说的艺术规范进行了大胆的突破,通过内隐叙述者、女性的意识化展示和话语的诗化等策略,充分展示了自己作为一名女权主义作家对性别书写问题的独立思考。而与此同时,其独具特色的现代叙述艺术也使她的创作成了现代文学史上女性书写的一个成功例证。     

女性主义的知识范式

本文探讨女性主义如何借助社会政治资源和学术传统资源,在对传统实证主义研究模式的批判基础上,构建自己另类的知识范式。文章从三个方面详细阐述了这种知识范式的新主张,并对其面临的争论和质疑进行了简要的分析和讨论。     

性别模式与性别平等

引言 性别的平权化轰轰烈烈了将近两个世纪,无论是一轮高过一轮的西方女权运动,还是新中国建国后动用行政力量对男女不平等的干预,至少有一点是共同的,即人们都认为,性别不平等的罪魁祸首是传统的性别模式,只有打破它,才能实现男女平等.但是,无论西方还是我国,不仅性别平等问题难以得到根本解决(虽然在社会事实上性别平等已经大大提高),反而又产生了各种各样的问题,特别是使人们的性别角色认同和实践上发生了混乱.     

Measuring Anti‐Americanism in Editorial Cartoons*

Objective. Anti‐Americanism has been subjected to minimal statistical analysis. Further, scant attention is paid to what constitutes anti‐Americanism for Americans. The objective of this article is to measure Americans' perceptions of anti‐Americanism. Methods. Using a range of quantitative methods, including Pearson's correlation coefficient, Shannon's entropy measure, and Cohen's d statistics, we measure students' evaluations of editorial cartoons after 9/11. Twin measures of message and equity, along with participant and cartoon variables, are used to calibrate anti‐Americanism in Spanish and U.S. editorial cartoons. Results. Our results indicate that message ratings, that is, anti‐ or pro‐American, were more dependent on the nature of the cartoons than of the participants. White males rated these editorial cartoons as more equitable than other participants. The study shows that Spanish cartoons were rated significantly more anti‐American. Conclusion. The article concludes that the use of U.S. icons is key to seeing anti‐Americanism, along with gender, race, and origin of cartoon.     

女性主义与权力--政治人类学视野下的西方女性主义研究述评

本文以社会性别与权力、第三世界妇女与女性主义政治以及后现代主义与女性权力等三个方面为切入点,对政治人类学视野下的西方女性主义研究进行综述,在总结其以往研究的主要贡献和近年来研究的新趋向的基础上,揭示西方女性主义研究对政治人类学学科所产生的影响和冲击.     

Feminism and Social work: Resistance or Dialogue?

Summary This paper seeks to explore some of the factors underpinningsocial work's apparent resistance to feminism and to dilineateways in which a more active relationship might benefit socialwork's women consumers. It argues that, by marginalizing feminism,social work has perpetuated individualistic explanations andresponses to women's specific needs and problems. Finally, insuggesting some practical strategies for making use of feministideas and experiences, particular consideration is given tosome of the contradictions which may be engendered for thosesocial workers who are actively endeavouring to integrate feministperspectives into their practice.     

斯皮瓦克和她的后殖民女权主义批评

斯皮瓦克的后殖民批评最突出特色是理论与方法上的异质性特征和鲜明的女性主义视角。她的后殖民女权主义批评的主要内容是揭露殖民主义和男性中心的权力话语对于第三世界女性的遮蔽和歪曲。她通过对西方白人女性的文学文本所作的后殖民的解读,为女权主义文学批评拓展了新的空间,也使后殖民理论得到了丰富和发展。