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1.
Daphne C. Watkins Vicki Johnson-Lawrence Derek M. Griffith 《Race and social problems》2011,3(3):197-211
Though gender, racial, and ethnic disparities in health in the United States are well documented, it is less clear how these
factors intersect to produce patterns of mental health outcomes among men. This study examined the presence of father figures
in the lives of African American, Caribbean black and non-Hispanic white American males until the age of 16; assessed the
current socio-demographic factors of these men as adults; and explored whether these factors lead to variations in mental
health outcomes. Regression models were used to examine the correlates of socio-demographic, psychosocial, and retrospective
father figure measures for depressive symptoms and non-specific psychological distress among African American (n = 999), Caribbean black (n = 506), and non-Hispanic white men (n = 193) from the National Survey of American Life. Findings revealed racial and ethnic group differences by age, employment
status, education, and household income on depressive symptoms (measured using the CES-D scale) and non-specific psychological
distress (using the Kessler-6 scale). Findings suggested that being raised by a grandfather placed both African American and
Caribbean black men at greater risk for depressive symptoms and non-specific psychological distress under certain socio-demographic
conditions. This study is unique in that it considers the influence of father figures on the mental health outcomes of adult
males across three racial and ethnic groups. We conclude with a discussion of the implications for future mental health research
and practice with men of color. 相似文献
2.
Clifford L. Broman Myriam Torres Renee B. Canady Harold W. Neighbors James S. Jackson 《Race and social problems》2010,2(2):81-91
We examine if commonly used distress measures, rates of psychiatric disorders, and chronic health conditions are affected
by alternate measures of race-ethnicity for African Americans and Caribbean blacks. We examined two alternative self-identification
measures to investigate if their influence might differ. A study on national household probability sample of non-institutionalized
African Americans (n = 3,570) and blacks from Caribbean countries, who now live in the United States (n = 1,621), was conducted between February 2001 and June 2003, using a slightly modified version of the Composite International
Diagnostic Interview. The method used to measure black race and ethnicity has influence on physical and mental health outcomes.
The distributions of depressive symptoms are not affected, while the distributions of DSM IV disorders and chronic health
conditions vary by race and ethnic self-identifications among the African American and Caribbean black populations. There
are serious implications of using alternate measures of race-ethnicity on the distribution of physical and mental health morbidity
among African Americans and Caribbean blacks. The conceptualization and assessment of race-ethnicity should be carefully considered
when studying mental and physical health statuses and service needs in the American black population. 相似文献
3.
Jessica C. Nelson Glenn Adams Nyla R. Branscombe Michael T. Schmitt 《Race and social problems》2010,2(2):69-80
We test the hypothesis that knowledge of historically documented, anti-black conspiracies affects perceived plausibility of
new, anti-black conspiracies. In Experiment 1 (N = 78), African Americans and European Americans read about a current conspiracy aimed at undermining either African American
or European American–elected officials. African Americans perceived the anti-black conspiracy as more plausible and the conspiracy
informant as more credible than did European Americans. The difference in perception of informant credibility was mediated
by recognition of historically documented, anti-black conspiracies. In Experiment 2, we manipulated European Americans’ (N = 105) exposure to information about historically documented, anti-black conspiracies. European Americans who learned about
actual, past anti-black conspiracies perceived new anti-black conspiracies as more plausible than did European Americans who
learned about race-silent conspiracies or who did not learn about conspiracies. To the extent that European Americans lack
awareness of incidents of racism in US history, they are likely to underestimate the possibility that racism impacts contemporary
events. 相似文献
4.
Workplace discrimination reports have recently increased in the U.S. Few studies have examined racial/ethnic differences and
the mental health consequences of this exposure. We examined the association between self-reported workplace discrimination
and depressive symptoms among a multi-ethnic sample of hospital employees. Data came from the prospective case–control Gradients
of Occupational Health in Hospital Workers (GROW) study (N = 664). We used the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) to assess depressive symptoms and measured
the occurrence, types, and frequency of workplace discrimination. African Americans were more likely than other racial/ethnic
employees to report frequent and multiple types of discrimination exposure. Multivariate relationships were examined while
controlling for socio-demographic factors, job strain, and general social stressors. After adjustment, workplace discrimination
occurrence and frequency were positively associated with depressive symptoms. The positive association between workplace discrimination
and depressive symptoms was similar across racial and ethnic groups. Reducing workplace discrimination may improve psychosocial
functioning among racial/ethnic minority hospital employees at greatest risk of exposure. 相似文献
5.
Jeremy D. Franklin 《Race Ethnicity and Education》2019,22(5):589-609
Student of Color often reference racial microaggressions when asked to describe their post-secondary experience. The racial battle fatigue framework assists in understanding the cumulative, negative effect of racial microaggressions on psychological, behavioral, and physiological outcomes. This paper assesses the racial battle fatigue framework for African American and Mexican American college students and the impact of coping on racial stress. Results demonstrate that racial microaggressions negatively impact stress responses for African American and Mexican Americans differently, but coping may help alleviate the impact of racial battle fatigue. Universities can address racial microaggressions and negative health outcomes by educating campus constituents about racial microaggressions, addressing Whiteness, and providing education about adaptive coping strategies. 相似文献
6.
Focus groups were conducted to appreciate the voices of Urban American Indians (UAI) who have mixed ancestries residing in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Participants (15 women and 10 men, 19–83 years of age) with a variety of Native ancestries coming
from different nations (i.e., blackfeet, blackminkwa, Cherokee, Creek, Delaware, Lakota, Powhatan, Seminole, and Shawnee)
reported to also have a Non-Native racial/ethnic ancestry such as African/black, Hispanic, and/or Caucasian/white. Specifically,
this study provided evidence about (a) the complexity and challenge of being “mixed” UAI (e.g., “living a culture” as opposed
to blood quantum in determining a personal identity) (b) the linkage of cultural identities to mental health (c) contributions
of cultural activities to identities and mental health (e.g., therapeutic and healing functions of cultural activities), and
(d) very limited urban Native-oriented mental health service (e.g., visions for Native American-centered mental health clinic
in an urban setting). Building on those UAI’s voices, this paper provides a context for the need of a culturally respectful
transformation of urban mental health system by highlighting the clinical significance of cultural identity and mental health
promotion for UAI. 相似文献
7.
The present study examined school-based racial and gender discrimination experiences among African American adolescents in
Grade 8 (n = 204 girls; n = 209 boys). A primary goal was exploring gender variation in frequency of both types of discrimination and associations
of discrimination with academic and psychological functioning among girls and boys. Girls and boys did not vary in reported
racial discrimination frequency, but boys reported more gender discrimination experiences. Multiple regression analyses within
gender groups indicated that among girls and boys, racial discrimination and gender discrimination predicted higher depressive
symptoms and school importance and racial discrimination predicted self-esteem. Racial and gender discrimination were also
negatively associated with grade point average among boys but were not significantly associated in girls’ analyses. Significant
gender discrimination X racial discrimination interactions resulted in the girls’ models predicting psychological outcomes
and in boys’ models predicting academic achievement. Taken together, findings suggest the importance of considering gender-
and race-related experiences in understanding academic and psychological adjustment among African American adolescents. 相似文献
8.
Yanmei Xu 《Race and social problems》2011,3(3):212-224
This study investigated the association between SES and psychological distress among Latinos. Data were from the National
Latino and Asian American Study’s Cuban (N = 577), Mexican (N = 868), and Puerto Rican (N = 495) adult samples. Regression analysis was used to assess the association between SES measured as education, household
income, and wealth and psychological distress for three Latino subgroups, respectively. Results indicate that wealth is the
most important predictor for all three Latino groups. Cubans, Mexicans, and Puerto Ricans are all disadvantaged on wealth
possession and being in debt is associated with more psychological distress for them. The health benefit of wealth is especially
significant for Cubans and Puerto Ricans. In contrast with findings in many previous studies, household income is not significantly
related to mental health. The finding that only wealth is weakly associated with psychological distress among Mexicans suggests
that the Hispanic Health Paradox only applies to Mexicans. Education is strongly associated with distress among Cubans, with
college degrees producing the largest protection from mental illness. Findings also indicate that physical health and discrimination
are strongly associated with psychological distress independent of the SES measures. This study contributes to an understanding
of the health significance of SES among Latinos. It highlights the importance of examining ethnic variations in the association
of socioeconomic status and mental health among Latinos and of identifying the mental health impact of various measures of
socioeconomic status. 相似文献
9.
Job strain has been associated with hypertension among younger workers; however, whether this relationship persists among
older workers, particularly older racial/ethnic minorities, is unresolved. This study evaluated whether job strain and workplace
discrimination are associated with hypertension and poor blood pressure control among older workers and whether these relationships
vary by gender and race/ethnicity. Data were drawn from the Health and Retirement Study, and analysis was restricted to employed
participants with complete information on job strain and blood pressure (N = 3,794). In adjusted models, high job strain was associated with lower likelihood of hypertension (odds ratio (OR): 0.75,
95% confidence interval (CI): 0.63, 0.89) relative to low job strain. Stratified analyses indicated this association was only
significant among white (OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.58, 0.86) and male (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.79) workers. High job strain was
not significantly associated with hypertension among African American (OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 0.63, 2.07) or Hispanic (OR: 0.56,
95% CI: 0.29, 1.09) workers. Workplace discrimination was not associated with hypertension among any group. Neither job strain
nor discrimination was associated with poor blood pressure control. These findings suggest that persistence in work characterized
by high job strain in later life may signal resilience to the influence of work-related stressors on health. Future research
efforts should examine the factors that contribute to gender and racial differences in these relationships. 相似文献
10.
Although research has demonstrated that aspects of racial environments such as racial experiences and racial diversity can relate to psychological health and well-being, few studies have examined what specifically happens when individuals move from one racial environment to another. The present study asked 179 African Americans transitioning to a predominantly white institution (freshmen or junior transfers) about racial diversity (percentage of African Americans) at their prior institution, racial experiences at their prior institution, and racial experiences at the current institution and examined how these characteristics related to self-reported depression. Overall, we found that more negative previous racial experiences predicted greater depressive symptoms in college. Results also revealed a significant three-way interaction such that more positive current racial experiences predicted less depressive symptoms, but only for those students coming from predominantly negative racial environments—low racial diversity and more negative racial experiences. Our findings highlight the complex role of past and present racial environmental factors in influencing psychological health. Implications for African American college students’ success and well-being are discussed. 相似文献
11.
Michael S. Spencer Jaclynn Hawkins Nicolas R. Espitia Brandy Sinco Tezra Jennings Carissa Lewis Gloria Palmisano Edith Kieffer 《Race and social problems》2013,5(2):137-146
This study investigated the influence of a community health worker (CHW) diabetes lifestyle intervention on mental health outcomes. Our study was guided by the principles of community-based participatory research. Data were collected from 164 African American (N = 94) and Hispanic adults (N = 70) participating in a randomized, 6-month delayed intervention group design for improving glycemic control. The intervention time periods were baseline to 6 months for the treatment group and 6–12 months for the delayed group. Linear mixed models were used to conduct longitudinal analyses of the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) scales. In the model adjusted for demographics, the PAID dropped significantly from pre-intervention to post-intervention within both the treatment and delayed groups (p < 0.05) with an average intervention effect of ?6.4 (p < 0.01). The PAID dropped even further within the immediate group from 6 to 12 months. Although the PHQ did not change significantly, the PHQ-2 had an average intervention effect of ?0.3 (p < 0.05) in the model adjusted for demographics. This study contributes to an understanding of how a CHW-led diabetes intervention can result in positive mental health outcomes for Latinos and African Americans with Type 2 diabetes. It also highlights the importance of further exploring what factors may contribute to racial/ethnic variation in mental health outcomes for African Americans and Latinos with diabetes and the role CHWs can play. 相似文献
12.
Susan E. Cahan 《Social Identities》2013,19(4):423-440
This article analyses the performance of racial identity in the events surrounding the 1969 exhibition Harlem On My Mind held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. This racial performativity reflected widespread anxiety about the inclusion of African Americans in American art museums, where they had typically been excluded, and the ambiguous role of whites in addressing demands for representation. Faced with such demands, white curators, directors, and other museum professionals did not easily cede their authority. Instead they tried to demonstrate that they were no longer impediments to African American access, but rather facilitators of that access. Using the exhibition Harlem On My Mind as a case study, this article aims to shed light on the instrumental uses of race identity in the field of museums in the 1960s and today. 相似文献
13.
Sheretta T. Butler-Barnes Tabbye M. Chavous Marc A. Zimmerman 《Race and social problems》2011,3(2):75-91
This study conceptualized individual-level cultural-ecological factors (racial identity and religious coping) as adolescent
assets that would promote achievement motivation and reduce negative associations between community violence exposure and
motivation. Our examination of African American adolescents (N = 380) from urban contexts indicated a negative association between community violence exposure and motivation beliefs (academic
self-efficacy and academic importance). Accounting for socioeconomic factors and parental support, higher racial pride (private
regard), and higher use of religion to cope with difficult times predicted higher motivation beliefs. Religious coping reduced
the negative association of violence exposure with motivation beliefs. Among boys, however, there was a stronger, negative
relationship between community violence and academic self-efficacy for those higher in private regard. Boys reporting higher
private regard had more positive motivation beliefs when experiencing lower community violence. Results suggest cultural-ecological
factors can support academic motivation but also may not fully protect youth exposed to high ecological risk. 相似文献
14.
Margaret T. Hicken Hedwig Lee Jennifer Ailshire Sarah A. Burgard David R. Williams 《Race and social problems》2013,5(2):100-112
Although racial/ethnic disparities in health have been well characterized in biomedical, public health, and social science research, the determinants of these disparities are still not well understood. Chronic psychosocial stress related specifically to the American experience of institutional and interpersonal racial discrimination may be an important determinant of these disparities, as a growing literature in separate scientific disciplines documents the adverse health effects of stress and the greater levels of stress experienced by non-white compared to white Americans. However, the empirical literature on the importance of stress for health and health disparities specifically due to racial discrimination, using population-representative data, is still small and mixed. In this paper, we explore the association between a novel measure of racially salient chronic stress—“racism-related vigilance”—and sleep difficulty. We found that, compared to the white adults in our sample, black (but not Hispanic) adults reported greater levels of vigilance. This vigilance was positively associated with sleep difficulty to similar degrees for all racial/ethnic groups in our sample (white, black, Hispanic). Black adults reported greater levels of sleep difficulty compared to white adults. This disparity was slightly attenuated after adjustment for education and income. However, this disparity was completely attenuated after adjustment for racism-related vigilance. We found similar patterns of results for Hispanic compared to white adults, however, the disparities in sleep difficulty were smaller and not statistically significant. Because of the importance of sleep quality to health, our results suggest that the anticipation of and perseveration about racial discrimination is an important determinant of racial disparities in health. 相似文献
15.
African Americans with mental health problems consult a variety of sources for assistance. Most studies report a preference for informal sources rather than professional sources of help with mental health concerns. While it is clear that African Americans seek help from both informal and professional sources, less known is whether there are unique subpopulations of African Americans that can be defined by their support and services use. Given the importance of religion in the lives of African Americans, it also important to understand the role of religious involvement in determining help-seeking behaviors. This study used latent class analysis and data from the National Survey of American Life (n = 1315) to identify distinct profiles of help-seeking behavior among African Americans with mental health disorders defined by informal (e.g., clergy, family, and friends) and professional sources (e.g., health and mental healthcare providers) of support and services. Findings revealed two help-seeking classes: Low Use/Informal Support (95%) and High Use/All Support (5%). Low subjective religious involvement was associated with membership in the Low Use/Informal Support class. High non-organizational religious involvement was associated with membership in the High Use/All Support class. No associations between demographic characteristics were found between the two classes. Findings highlight heterogeneity in help-seeking behavior among African Americans and the importance of considering multiple domains of religious involvement in influencing these behaviors. Findings highlight the importance of collaborative efforts between religious institutions, health and mental healthcare providers, family and friendship networks in the delivery of mental health care to African Americans. 相似文献
16.
Existing studies indicate that multiracial adolescents face greater substance use rates than monoracial adolescents. However,
it is unclear whether the risk identified in adolescence persists into adulthood. The current study uses data from the 2001
California Health Interview Survey to analyze the alcohol and tobacco use of multiracial adolescents and adults compared to
European American, African American, Native American, Asian/Pacific Islander American, and Latino American individuals. Results
generally support the hypothesis that multiracial adolescents and adults face higher rates of substance use than African American
and Asian/Pacific Islander American individuals, though this pattern of results was reversed in comparison with Native Americans
and European Americans, and less consistent compared to Latino Americans. We further establish and discuss the correlates
of drinking and smoking behavior for mixed-race individuals—comparing them to other racial groups. We review the limitations
of our design and the implications for future research on multiracial substance use. 相似文献
17.
Studies were conducted to assess the significance of the concept of race in interpersonal attraction and self-identification comparing African Americans and native Ghanaians. An adaptation of the Bogardus Scale (1926) was used to measure interpersonal attraction. A self-identification questionnaire developed by the principal author was used to measure self-identification. The samples consisted of 366 native Ghanaians residing in Ghana and 113 African Americans residing in Northern New Jersey. The results show that when making judgments about interpersonal attraction to different ethnic and racial groups as well as in self-identification, African American respondents attributed more psychological significance to the concept of race than Ghanaian respondents did. Racial group membership and cultural kinships were strongly related to interpersonal attraction and self-identification for African American respondents. They attributed more significance to racial group membership in judging self-identification and interpersonal attraction toward other African Americans compared with other groups. On the other hand, in judging interpersonal attraction toward other groups, African American respondents attributed more significance to cultural reference factors than racial group membership. Ghanaians perceived nationality and cultural kinships as more significant than racial group membership in their reported interpersonal attraction to groups represented in this work Ghanaian respondents did not perceive racial group membership as a significant factor in making judgments about interpersonal attraction and self-identification. 相似文献
18.
Tyson H. Brown 《Race and social problems》2016,8(1):29-41
The primary aim of this study is to examine whether racial/ethnic inequality in wealth dissipates or increases between middle and late life, and by how much. To address this aim, this study draws on critical race and life course perspectives as well as 10 waves of panel data from the Health and Retirement Study and growth curve models to understand racial/ethnic inequality in wealth trajectories among whites, blacks, and Mexican Americans (N = 8337). Findings show that, by midlife, significant inequalities in net worth emerge between whites and their black and Mexican American counterparts. On average, white households have amassed a net worth of $105k by midlife, compared to less than $5k and $39k among black and Mexican American families, respectively. Moreover, whites experience much more rapid rates of wealth accumulation during their 50s and 60s than their minority counterparts, resulting in increasing wealth disparities with age, consistent with a process of cumulative disadvantage. At the peak of their wealth trajectory (at age 66), whites have approximately $245k more than blacks and $219k more than Mexican Americans. A wide range of socioeconomic, behavioral, and health factors account for a portion, but not all, of racial/ethnic inequality in wealth, suggesting that unobserved factors such as parental wealth, segregation, and discrimination may play a role in the production and maintenance of wealth inequality. 相似文献
19.
Tetine Sentell 《Race and social problems》2012,4(2):112-120
Quantify the relationships between adolescent self-reported health and college intention in a diverse sample including Asians.
Data were used from 3,737 adolescents ages 12–17 who completed the 2003 California Health Interview Survey. Self-reported
intention to attend college/university was compared to other plans. Multivariate logistic models predicting college intention
by health status (poor/fair, good, or very good/excellent) were performed with the entire sample and for each race/ethnicity
separately. Age, poverty, gender, rural residence, and parental college education were controlled. Participants were 44 %
white, 36 % Hispanic, 11 % Asian, and 9 % black. Overall, 10 % reported poor/fair health, 30 % good health, and 60 % very
good/excellent health. Whites were the most likely to report very good/excellent health and Hispanics least likely (χ2(6) = 11.85; p < 0.01). Eighty-one percent had college plans, which also varied by race/ethnicity with Asians most likely to report college
intentions and Hispanics least likely (χ2(3) = 3.97; p < 0.05). In the overall multivariate model, adolescents in poor/fair health (OR: 0.53; 95 % CI: 0.34–0.83) and good health
(OR: 0.59; 95 % CI: 0.45–0.78) were significantly less likely to plan on college compared to those in very good/excellent
health. Variation was seen by racial/ethnic group. For whites and blacks, only good health significantly predicted less college
intention (compared to very good/excellent health) while only poor/fair health significantly predicted less college intention
for Hispanics and Asians. Very good/excellent health in adolescence was associated with greater college intention compared
to both fair/poor health and good health, but this relationship varied by race/ethnicity. 相似文献
20.
Amanda Toler Woodward 《Race and social problems》2011,3(3):146-159
This study used data from the National Survey of American Life to investigate the use of professional services and informal
support among African Americans, black Caribbeans, and non-Hispanic whites. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine
the association of race and perceived discrimination with the use of professional services only, informal support only, both
professional services and informal support, or no help at all. Fifty-one percent of the sample used both professional services
and informal support, 16% relied on professional services only, 20% used informal support only, and 13% did not seek help.
Before controlling for other factors, African Americans and black Caribbeans were significantly less likely to receive either
professional or informal help compared with whites. When everyday racial discrimination was included, racial differences in
not seeking help were no longer significant. Household income also influenced the relationship between race and help-seeking.
Other factors significantly associated with help-seeking include age, gender, education, employment status, insurance coverage,
type and severity of disorder, and subjective closeness to family and friends. The association of these factors and implication
of the findings for future research and mental health service delivery will be discussed. 相似文献