Transgender Friendship Profiles: Patterns Across Gender Identity and LGBT Affiliation

The present study explores the close friendship patterns of transgender individuals by considering the role of gender identity (trans men, trans women, non-binary) and LGBT affiliation (affiliated, non-affiliated) on friends’ identities. Participants were 495 transgender individuals who completed a questionnaire reporting their identities as well as the identities of their close friends. Friendship patterns were explored based on the number of friends who identified as transgender/cisgender, sexual minority/heterosexual, and LGBT affiliated/non-affiliated. Overall, participants reported more cisgender (vs. transgender) friends and more sexual minority (vs. heterosexual friends), suggesting that the majority of their friendships are experienced in a cross-gender identity context. However, important friendship patterns were distinguished across LGBT affiliation and gender identity of the participant. Trans participants who were LGBT affiliated (vs. non-affiliated) reported more transgender friends, more sexual minority friends, and more LGBT affiliated friends. With regard to gender identity, trans men reported more sexual minority and more LGBT affiliated friends when compared to trans women. In addition, trans women reported more non-affiliated friends than both trans men and non-binary individuals. Discussion focuses on the implications of the findings regarding the distinct experiences of trans individuals across gender identity and the common assumptions behind research that frames transgender experience within the larger LGBT community.     

Athletic or Sexy? A Comparison of Female Athletes and Fashion Models in Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issues

Using a modified version of Goffman’s (Gender advertisements. Harper Colophon, New York, 1976) gender display as a conceptual framework, this study examined the gendered body images of female athletes and female fashion models. We investigated sexualized female body images by comparing athletes with fashion models in Sports Illustrated (SI) swimsuit issues. Specifically, we used images of female athletes and female fashion models from SI swimsuit issues (n = 1,099) over the past 15 years (1997–2011). The variables analyzed included four photographic image categories: photo shot location, facial expression, body display, and hand display. The findings revealed few differences in sexual portrayals between female athletes and female fashion models.     

Gender Inequality in the Home: The Role of Relative Income,Support for Traditional Gender Roles,and Perceived Entitlement

Drawing on relative resources and gender construction theories, we examined economic and psychological factors that affect married parents’ domestic labor. Married parents from the United States (N = 801) reported whether they earned less, equal, or more income than their spouses, as well as the proportion of housework and childcare they performed. In line with a relative resources perspective, participants reported doing less domestic labor as their relative income increased. Yet, in line with gender construction theories, women reported doing more domestic labor than their spouses, regardless of their relative income. Moreover, support for traditional gender roles mediated the effect of income on domestic labor for women, but not men. In contrast, perceived domestic entitlement (feeling justified doing less domestic labor than one’s spouse) mediated the effect of income on domestic labor for men, but not women. The implications for the future of gender equality are discussed.     

从女性主义视角解读杜甫《月夜》

杜甫的《月夜》历来被学界看作是诗人向妻子表达思念的深情之作。从女性主义角度重新阐释此诗，从诗中的“叙述视角”、“居处意象”、“身体语言”等方面寻微探幽，挖掘出潜藏在文本中的男性主义立场。该诗是诗人转换叙述视角后表达隐忍欲望的一首类“闺怨”诗。     

The Disconnect Between Observers’ Male and Masculine Judgments from Sparse Gait Cues Conveying Gender: Perceiving Precarious Manhood

Although universal definitions are by no means agreed upon, the terms sex—male and female—and gender—femininity and/or masculinity—are semantically dissociable. The aim with the current study was to explore whether and to what extent they may be dissociable in perceptual terms. A comparison of sex judgments and gender judgments from point light walker (PLW) stimuli offered possibilities for obtaining a finer-grained picture of the basis or bases of these types of social judgments. In this study PLWs were used explicitly to examine the pattern of responses to questions of sex (male/female) and gender (masculine/feminine). Observers perceived targets to be feminine at the same rate as female, but perceived a subset of targets significantly more often to be male than masculine. Thus, a disconnect was demonstrated between male and masculine perceptions with no such uncoupling evident for perceptions of female and feminine. This pattern of responding accords with the idea—often described as Precarious Manhood—that manhood, or masculinity, may be a more difficult mantle to earn than mere ‘maleness’, with femininity considered closer to an essential aspect of being female.     

Impact of Gender and the Stereotyped Nature of Illustrations on Choice of Color: Replica of the Study by Karniol (2011) in a Spanish Sample

Early acquisition of stereotypes that associate “blue” with boys and “pink” with girls can influence their preferences for these colors and also their choices in clothing, toys or objects in relation to gender stereotypes. In a Spanish sample (5–10-year olds, n = 614), this study reproduces the previous research conducted by Karniol (Sex Roles 65(1/2):119–132, 2011) for the purpose of analyzing whether gender-linked color preferences rule the choice of coloring booklets and if children’s choices of color are affected by their own gender. The results show that although boys used fewer female-stereotyped colors than girls, both genders colored in each figure with the stereotyped colors associated with them. This result indicates that boys and girls share similar gender stereotypes and use colors that agree with these stereotypes.     

株洲市体育公共服务公众评价调查

公众评价,是公众根据一定的判定标准对某一具体事件或社会现象给予的评判。通过对株洲市体育公共服务公众评价进行调查分析,结果显示:女性对体育公共服务的期望值高于男性,男性和女性对体育公共服务的满意度无显著性差异;不同年龄居民对体育公共服务期望值总体趋势是随着年龄的增长而增长,而在满意度上出现中间高两头低的态势;不同职业对体育公共服务的期望值没有显著影响,但满意度上有差异,政府企事业单位的行政人员满意度最高,农民满意度最低。     

拆迁舆论的治理与政府职能的转变

媒体是社会舆论的主要载体,它具有反映舆论、形成舆论和引导舆论的功能。近年,一些地方政府为了追求土地财政,不断采取强制手段进行拆迁。拆迁、强拆、自焚等成为媒体舆论中最惹眼的关键词。面对喷涌而来的舆论浪潮,各级政府仅仅依靠控制舆论、引导舆论是不够的。要想从根本上化解舆论能量,地方政府首先应该转变政府职能,提高官员素养,坚决依法行政,这样才能建立起政府的权威性和公信力,才能真正营造一个和谐的舆论环境。     

语料库批评译学视阈下的《道德经》英译本性别意识研究——以人称代词的显化为例

在语料库批评译学的框架下,自建包含35个英译本的《道德经》英译语料库,运用定量与定性相结合的方法探究《道德经》及其英译本中的"性别意识"问题.结果表明:《道德经》文本中存在不少"性别概念",英译本大多能对其进行对等翻译.通过对不同译本中区分性别的单数第三人称代词使用频次的考察,发现英译本中阳性人称代词(Mpp)和阴性人称代词(Fpp)的使用频次受到译者性别意识的影响,而非译者性别.进而将Fpp的4个量值水平以及Mpp与Fpp的相对关系(6类)作为判断《道德经》译本性别意识的指标,认为《道德经》的众多英译本构成了从男性意识到女性意识的渐变群,各译本根据其程度不同分散在此渐变群上.     

论古老童话对儿童心理的潜在消极影响

儿时的我们总是沉浸在美丽的童话故事中,享受着古老童话给我们带来的无尽乐趣和遐想。而今当我们站在新的角度上来审视童话时,却发现其中也蕴含着种种容易对儿童心理发展产生消极影响的因素。本文以格林童话为考察对象,着力从血腥暴力的情节描述、以男权为中心的性别观、僵化故事模式中善与恶三个方面探讨童话对儿童心理潜在的消极影响,试图破除大众对童话价值认识的误区。     

网络公共外交:基于两种研究视角的分析

网络公共外交作为信息时代公共外交的新形式,其出现与发展既有以互联网为里程碑的传播技术的推动作用,也离不开国际关系研究的理论支持。网络公共外交使非国家行为体的作用从"理论"走向"现实",促成了由政府权威"独白"到对话与合作这种沟通方式的转变。与此同时,网络及网络管理成为影响国际形象的重要因素,而网络公共外交也对政府危机管理能力提出了更高的要求。因此,网络公共外交对于中国良好国际形象的树立具有重要作用。     

山东省大学生全员参与社会实践影响因素研究

社会实践是我国高校人才培养的重要环节。大学生全员参与社会实践受到多方面因素的影响。以山东省大学生为例,提出包括大学生自身因素、高校内部因素和社会环境因素3大因素、20项子因素假设;在调查基础上,运用SPSS统计分析工具进行实证分析。结果发现,性别、年级、个人态度、社会实践绩效预期、组团方式、实践基地状况、政府政策法规保障、家庭支持、社会公众态度等9项子因素对大学生全员参与社会实践具有显著影响。     

Why are Women Better Decoders of Nonverbal Language?

Women have consistently been found to be better decoders of nonverbal language compared to men. It is unknown however, whether this sex difference is biological or non-biological in nature. The current study sought to test for the first time the effect emotional intelligence (EI), trait dominance, and psychological gender had on nonverbal decoding accuracy. 86 undergraduate university students (43 males and 43 female), mean age 20.86 years old, completed the mini-Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity, the Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test, the Dominance Subscale of The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, and the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. Overall women were found to score 4.35 points significantly higher than men in nonverbal ability, 95 % CI [?2.31, 2.31], and 7.15 points significantly higher than men in EI, 95 % CI [?5.97, 5.97]. Higher EI scores were also found to predict significantly greater nonverbal decoding accuracy. These findings suggest that EI rather than biological sex appears to be the salient factor in an individual’s nonverbal decoding accuracy. Trait dominance, and participants’ masculinity and femininity scores however, were not found to be significantly correlated with nonverbal decoding ability, thus the non-biological model of EI, trait dominance, and psychological gender did not account for significantly more unique variance in decoding accuracy, compared to the biological model when biological sex alone was considered.     

Demographic and Sociological Indicators of Privatisation of Marriage in the 19th Century in Flanders

Relying on the assumption that privatisation of family life intensified in the19th century and that women were the pioneers in this process, we formulate nine hypotheses concerning indicators on family and marriage. The hypotheses are tested using data for three municipalities in Flanders (roughly the northern part of Belgium) covering the period 1800–1913, taken from about 17,000marriage certificates. Special emphasis is on gender and social status distinctions. Most of the hypotheses, particularly those relating to first marriage, are confirmed. The various developments point to an underlying process which we refer to here as the privatisation of marriage, which can be explained by the changed social position and gender identity of women. The hypothesis put forward is that19th-century economic and political marginalisation encouraged women to develop their dyadic power in primary relationships. Marrying young and creating an identity around expressive family and motherhood tasks was, for many women, a reaction to and a remedy for their public exclusion and economic subordination. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

“Your Picture Looks the Same as My Picture”: An Examination of Passing in Transgender Communities

Transgender people remain one of the groups most susceptible to discrimination in the U.S. Previous studies have examined the discrimination and stress transgender people face, but few studies have examined trans identities using existing sociological theories of marginalized groups and identity formation. Using the theories of Dubois and Cooley, this study explores identity formation in conjunction with the phenomenon of passing among transgender people residing in Nebraska. Results suggest that while trans people do pass as a mechanism for subverting discrimination, there are other factors that influence an individual’s choice and strategy to pass or not. The current investigation lends a sociological perspective on the social aspect of gender presentation and gender visibility for trans individuals in a largely conservative Midwestern state.     

女将与金莲——古代通俗小说中女将性别描写的文化内蕴

清代通俗小说,往往偏爱写女将容貌与金莲之间存在的对应关系:其一,美貌女将,其金莲必定小巧可爱;小脚描写基本上融合在女性貌美可爱描写之中,成为女将美的有机组成部分;其二,小脚金莲之美往往是女将体现的女性性别魅力最有代表性,最惹眼(男性的眼神)和引人入胜的部位,有的描写还融入了男性的审美与性别感受;其三,与此相映照的是,貌丑者其金莲随之相应长大厚重。这一文学现象与清代社会风气与清人审美观念有关。金莲对女将性别身份具有强调作用,要靠金莲来打造她们的风采。深层心理中,潜存着汉族坚持本民俗习俗的民族意识和民族自尊心,是特定历史时期审美观念与性别意识结合的形象化写照,也是男性心目中理想化女性美的设计蓝图。     

实践的转化功能与文学艺术——实践的转化功能与不自由的文学艺术

从功能的角度来看,实践主要有肯定性的建构功能、转换性的转化功能、否定性的解构功能,它们对应着实践的自由、准自由和不自由、反自由,也就在审美领域相应地产生柔美(优美),刚美(崇高)和幽默、滑稽,丑。实践的这些功能通过审美形态制约和影响文学艺术的形态和发展。实践的建构功能通过柔美(优美)的审美形态而产生自由的,和谐、阴柔的文学艺术形态;实践的转化功能通过刚美(崇高)和幽默、滑稽的审美形态而产生准自由的,激荡、阳刚的文学艺术形态和不自由的,矛盾、倒错的文学艺术形态,并实现文学艺术由古典型艺术转化为近代型艺术;实践的解构功能通过丑的审美形态而产生异化、变形的文学艺术形态,并实现文学艺术由现代型艺术转化为后现代型艺术。     

汽车行业跨国收购事件对品牌形象的影响研究

在世界经济全球化发展中,跨国品牌收购成为全球经济浪潮中的一大亮点,全球民众和媒体的积极关注透视出收购事件对品牌造成的巨大影响,对品牌的影响研究已成为跨国并购中重要的研究课题。以文献分析为基础,通过调查访谈和专家意见,提出品牌收购对品牌形象影响的概念模型,利用探索性和验证性因子进行实证,构建一个3维度,9个测项的品牌形象评价量表,该表具有较高的信度和效度。通过单因素方差分析和独立样本T检验,验证了6个假设中的四个,另外两个未被验证。结果表明,该量表可从顾客角度预评估品牌收购事件对品牌形象的影响,为并购后品牌的整合提供参考依据。     

农村娱乐性组织作为公共空间的功能解析——以W村“村民自乐班”为个案

公共空间是一个社会的有机体,＂村民自乐班＂作为W村的民间自发组织,主要以演唱当地民间小调为主,是一种走向平民的公共空间。它除了为空间内的民众提供一种信息传播与情感交流的方式之外,还为空间内的成员提供一种自娱自乐的渠道,在演唱民间小调中起到了愉悦身心与寄托情感的作用。在更广阔的地域内,可实现社会的整合与社会资本的培植。此外,它还是培育公民公共精神和民主意识能力的一种有效途径,这一点对于处于＂瓶颈＂时期我国的民主自治建设十分关键。     

寇连材之死与“烈宦”的诞生

光绪二十二年太监寇连材因为违制递折子而被慈禧处死之事迄今不能得到完全的澄清。一个无法证实的折子,衍生出来了一连串的故事和情节,最终树立起一个在宫廷斗争中正义凛然的"烈宦"形象。特别是梁启超在《戊戌政变记》中极力讴歌寇连材的"忠直",使得寇氏在近代史的叙述谱系中始终以支持维新的正面人物出现,并早已深入人心。然而,从寇氏被杀后京城清流士大夫的赞誉,到戊戌政变后康、梁出于保皇立场的宣扬,再到民国时期大量野史、掌故和文艺作品对其事迹的激情创作,寇氏的历史形象其实经历了一个不断构建的过程。寇连材的"事迹"和"烈宦"形象以及其他许多生动的细节和"事实",很大程度上都是在他死后被人们构建出来的。"烈宦"诞生的背后,隐藏着他人不同的政治诉求和利益取向,人们心目中的寇连材是被"打扮"出来的。