社会保障对农民工家庭城市生活消费的影响--以举家迁移农民工家庭为例

基于辽宁省农民工调研数据,采用OLS回归、Heckman两步法和处理效应模型,分析了社会保障对举家迁移农民工家庭城市生活消费的影响,并采用分位数回归法进一步考察了社会保障在不同消费水平上对家庭消费决策机制产生的影响。研究表明,社会保障对农民工家庭生活消费有显著的正向影响;有社会保障家庭的消费决策明显区别于无社会保障家庭,这主要表现为人均收入、人均耕地面积、户主年龄和人均受教育年限等家庭特征对有社会保障家庭和无社会保障家庭生活消费的影响存在明显差异。     

中国农村社会保障对居民消费影响的地区差异研究

从转型期农村社会保障的地区差距、农村居民消费支出的地区差距不断扩大的现象入手,通过建立Panel Data数量关系模型,深入分析了农村社会保障对居民消费支出影响的地区差异。研究表明:转型期农村社会保障对居民消费支出的影响程度存在明显的地区差异,东部地区受影响程度最大,西部地区最小,但影响效应都是正向的;不同区域农村居民收入公平性、城市化进程、经济发展水平不同,对农村居民消费支出的影响也不同,因此提出要因地制宜地发展农村社会保障,提高中西部贫困农村地区消费支出和生活水平。     

The Structural Break in the Equity Premium

This article uses Bayesian marginal likelihood analysis to compare univariate models of the stock return behavior and test for structural breaks in the equity premium. The analysis favors a model that relates the equity premium to Markov-switching changes in the level of market volatility and accommodates volatility feedback. For this model, there is evidence of a one-time structural break in the equity premium in the 1940s, with no evidence of additional breaks in the postwar period. The break in the 1940s corresponds to a permanent reduction in the general level of stock market volatility. Meanwhile, there appears to be no change in the underlying risk preferences relating the equity premium to market volatility. The estimated unconditional equity premium drops from an annualized 12% before to the break to 9% after the break.     

中国人口年龄结构与居民医疗保健消费

本文借助中国2001—2010年的省级面板数据,运用动态面板GMM估计方法,考察了中国人口年龄结构(少儿和老年抚养系数)变化对居民医疗保健消费支出的影响。结果发现,中国少儿抚养系数对居民医疗保健消费支出的影响不显著;老年抚养系数对居民医疗保健消费支出有正影响,即老年抚养系数的上升会带动居民人均医疗保健消费支出的增加。此外,本文还发现,医疗保健消费支出的滞后一期系数都为正,系统GMM两步估计系数为0.51,表明居民医疗保健消费支出存在较强的惯性;人均收入增长对居民医疗保健消费支出有正向的显著影响。     

Asset Prices Under Habit Formation and Reference-Dependent Preferences

This article explains the high level and the countercyclical variation of the equity premium in a consumption-based asset pricing model with low large-scale risk aversion. Investors have gain-loss utility over consumption relative to slowly time-varying habit. Stocks deliver low returns in recessions when consumption falls below habit; investors therefore require a high premium for holding stocks. The model's conditional moment restrictions are tested on consumption and asset returns data. The empirical estimate of large-scale risk aversion is low, whereas the estimate of loss aversion agrees with prior experimental evidence.     

Forecasting Equity Premium: Global Historical Average Versus Local Historical Average and Constraints

The equity premium, return on equity minus return on risk-free asset, is expected to be positive. We consider imposing such positivity constraint in local historical average (LHA) in nonparametric kernel regression framework. It is also extended to the semiparametric single index model when multiple predictors are used. We construct the constrained LHA estimator via an indicator function which operates as “model-selection” between the unconstrained LHA and the bound of the constraint (zero for the positivity constraint). We smooth the indicator function by bagging, which operates as “model-averaging” and yields a combined forecast of unconstrained LHA forecasts and the bound of the constraint. The local combining weights are determined by the probability that the constraint is binding. Asymptotic properties of the constrained LHA estimators without and with bagging are established, which show how the positive constraint and bagging can help reduce the asymptotic variance and mean squared errors. Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to show the finite sample behavior of the asymptotic properties. In predicting U.S. equity premium, we show that substantial nonlinearity can be captured by LHA and that the local positivity constraint can improve out-of-sample prediction of the equity premium.     

The Variance Risk Premium: Components,Term Structures,and Stock Return Predictability

This article examines the properties of the variance risk premium (VRP). We propose a flexible asset pricing model that captures co-jumps in prices and volatility, and self-exciting jump clustering. We estimate the model on equity returns and variance swap rates at different horizons. The total VRP is negative and has a downward-sloping term structure, while its jump component displays an upward-sloping term structure. The abrupt and persistent response of the short-term jump VRP to extreme events makes this specific premium a proxy for investors’ fear of a market crash. Furthermore, the use of the VRP level and slope, and of its components, helps improve the short-run predictability of equity excess returns.     

关于城镇居民消费行为问题的研究

近年来,我国城镇居民消费水平逐年攀升,消费结构日趋合理优化,消费质量不断提高,消费模式实现了重大突破.本文通过对居民家庭抽样调查资料的分析,揭示了近年来居民消费表现出的新特征.     

住房按揭贷款如何影响家庭消费结构

利用按揭贷款购房已经成为中国居民家庭最为重要的消费金融行为之一。住房按揭贷款通过“挤压效应”和“补偿效应”影响家庭消费行为,进而改变家庭消费结构。利用分位数回归的实证研究表明,由于家庭不同种类消费项目的需求刚性不同,住房按揭贷款的发生对不同消费品造成的“挤压效应”和“补偿效应”也在不同的显著性水平上表现出差异。综合分析,现阶段家庭贷款购房过程中,家庭消费结构变化受到住房按揭贷款的影响较大。     

我国居民消费需求分析

近年来,我国消费率不断下降,投资率持续上升,经济增长主要依靠投资需求拉动,经济增长中的结构性矛盾日渐突出,并将影响我国经济的持续稳定健康发展。本文在分析我国居民消费需求存在的主要问题的基础上,揭示了影响我国居民消费需求扩大的基本原因,提出扩大我国居民消费需求的对策建议。     

Which Factors are Risk Factors in Asset Pricing? A Model Scan Framework

Abstract

A key question for understanding the cross-section of expected returns of equities is the following: which factors, from a given collection of factors, are risk factors, equivalently, which factors are in the stochastic discount factor (SDF)? Though the SDF is unobserved, assumptions about which factors (from the available set of factors) are in the SDF restricts the joint distribution of factors in specific ways, as a consequence of the economic theory of asset pricing. A different starting collection of factors that go into the SDF leads to a different set of restrictions on the joint distribution of factors. The conditional distribution of equity returns has the same restricted form, regardless of what is assumed about the factors in the SDF, as long as the factors are traded, and hence the distribution of asset returns is irrelevant for isolating the risk-factors. The restricted factors models are distinct (nonnested) and do not arise by omitting or including a variable from a full model, thus precluding analysis by standard statistical variable selection methods, such as those based on the lasso and its variants. Instead, we develop what we call a Bayesian model scan strategy in which each factor is allowed to enter or not enter the SDF and the resulting restricted models (of which there are 114,674 in our empirical study) are simultaneously confronted with the data. We use a Student-t distribution for the factors, and model-specific independent Student-t distribution for the location parameters, a training sample to fix prior locations, and a creative way to arrive at the joint distribution of several other model-specific parameters from a single prior distribution. This allows our method to be essentially a scaleable and tuned-black-box method that can be applied across our large model space with little to no user-intervention. The model marginal likelihoods, and implied posterior model probabilities, are compared with the prior probability of 1/114,674 of each model to find the best-supported model, and thus the factors most likely to be in the SDF. We provide detailed simulation evidence about the high finite-sample accuracy of the method. Our empirical study with 13 leading factors reveals that the highest marginal likelihood model is a Student-t distributed factor model with 5 degrees of freedom and 8 risk factors.     

中国城乡居民消费差距与收入差距的误差修正模型研究

在以绝对收入假说为基础的消费函数分析中发现,消费倾向差距对城乡居民消费差距的影响不显著,收入差距对城乡居民消费差距影响显著。在此基础上,通过构造城乡居民消费差距与收入差距的误差修正模型,发现他们之间还存在着长期稳定的均衡关系。格兰杰因果检验表明:在10%的显著性水平下,城乡居民消费差距与收入差距有双向的因果关系。为此,要有效缩小城乡居民消费差距,需要消费政策与收入政策协同并进。     

Effects of neighbourhood demographic shifts on findings of environmental injustice: a New York City case-study

Summary We study the question of how changes in neighbourhood demographics affect findings of environmental equity. Many cross-sectional studies of association between neighbourhood racial and ethnic composition and the location of environmentally undesirable sites have been conducted. However, no evaluations have been conducted that examine how neighbourhood demographics change over time, and how those changes are related to the observed cross-sectional results. If the question is whether an observed association is the result of discrimination, it is crucial that the historical changes in neighbourhood structure are well understood. We develop some methods based on standard statistical techniques and illustrate their application by using the metropolitan New York City region as a case-study.     

如何实现经济增长向消费拉动为主的转变

摘　　要:本文分析了1990年以来我国投资和消费拉动经济增长的情况,重点分析了住房投资对经济增长的贡献。文章对我国投资主导经济增长的深层原因及不良后果进行了深入剖析,并分析了国际上一些国家经济增长从投资主导型向消费主导型转变的现实途径。     

居民生活用电特征与影响机理

近年来我国家庭生活领域碳排放增长迅速,其中电力消费增长是导致家庭碳排放增加的重要原因。本文利用在上海地区开展的居民生活碳消费调查中的居住用电数据,分析了上海市常住居民家庭用电的特征和影响机理。样本中,上海户均年用电量为2184.6kWh,标准差为1398.5kWh,用电基尼系数为0.32,此外生活用电量呈现冬夏高、春秋低,且冬夏两季用电量的离散程度高于春秋两季的现象。回归模型显示上海居民生活用电受到人口规模、收入水平、居住面积、低碳态度和用能习惯的显著影响,且不同用电量家庭的用电影响因素种类和作用效果都存在变化：低用电家庭的生活用电受到人口规模、低碳态度和用能行为的影响,中等用电家庭的生活用电显著影响因素为人口规模、收入水平、低碳态度和用能行为,高用电家庭的生活用电受到人口规模、用能习惯和居住面积的影响;并且随着用电分布从低向高移动,各影响因素的作用效果或增高或降低,呈现不同的变化趋势。通过研究不同用电量家庭用电影响因素的变化,有利于更加深入地了解不同群体生活用电影响因素和完善生活领域电力消费的约束措施。     

Measuring Nonlinear Granger Causality in Mean

We propose model-free measures for Granger causality in mean between random variables. Unlike the existing measures, ours are able to detect and quantify nonlinear causal effects. The new measures are based on nonparametric regressions and defined as logarithmic functions of restricted and unrestricted mean square forecast errors. They are easily and consistently estimated by replacing the unknown mean square forecast errors by their nonparametric kernel estimates. We derive the asymptotic normality of nonparametric estimator of causality measures, which we use to build tests for their statistical significance. We establish the validity of smoothed local bootstrap that one can use in finite sample settings to perform statistical tests. Monte Carlo simulations reveal that the proposed test has good finite sample size and power properties for a variety of data-generating processes and different sample sizes. Finally, the empirical importance of measuring nonlinear causality in mean is also illustrated. We quantify the degree of nonlinear predictability of equity risk premium using variance risk premium. Our empirical results show that the variance risk premium is a very good predictor of risk premium at horizons less than 6 months. We also find that there is a high degree of predictability at the 1-month horizon, that can be attributed to a nonlinear causal effect. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

陕西省农村居民消费结构的计量分析

消费需求是拉动经济增长的根本动因。运用扩展线性支出系统模型对陕西省农村居民的边际消费倾向、收入弹性和价格弹性进行实证分析，结果显示：陕西省农村居民仍然处于生存型消费阶段，消费支出主要集中在食品、教育和居住方面。要提高农村居民消费水平，必须千方百计增加农民收入，普及农村教育，改善农村消费环境。     

中国居民自有住房虚拟租金的一个估算

居民自有住房服务价值应纳入GDP核算,但各国对自有住房服务虚拟租金的估算方法存在差异,当前主要的核算方法为市场租金法和使用成本法。采用使用成本法对中国居民自有住房虚拟租金重新估算,发现2004—2012年间居民自有住房虚拟租金年均达3.2万亿元,最近三年年均达到4万亿。中国统计部门基于建筑成本估算的虚拟租金大大低估了居民居住支出,2004—2012年间年均低估达2.3万亿元,近三年年均低估达3万亿元。调整后的居住消费占GDP比重达到11%~14%,高于官方6%的统计数据,仅自有住房虚拟租金的重新调整就提高了4%~5%的居民消费率,随着居民收入提高,城市化进程加快,居住消费支出还将增长。     

对我国居民消费及其影响因素的动态分析——基于VAR模型的实证研究

我们利用1978—2006年的时间序列数据,基于宏观和动态的视角,对我国居民消费及其影响因素进行了实证分析。Johansen协整检验的结果说明我国居民消费行为与其影响因素之间存在一种长期均衡关系。向量自回归VAR模型的动态分析表明。我国居民消费对自身的冲击产生持续响应,居民消费呈现出一定程度的“惯性”特征;经济增长和人口增长对消费的短期冲击是正向的,居民消费对二者的中长期响应均为负;通货膨胀和政府支出对消费的冲击持续为负,其他因素对居民消费的短期和中长期影响各不相同,而居民消费对它们冲击的响应也呈现出不同的趋势。方差分解的结果说明,消费自身的波动是我国居民消费变异的主要原因,经济增长、贸易条件、政府支出、经常帐户余额对居民消费波动的贡献要高于其他因素的贡献。     

基于结构突变的城乡居民消费行为研究

消费是宏观经济调控的重要变量,而收入是决定消费的基本因素,研究消费和收入之间的关系一直是经济学者关注的焦点问题。基于面板模型对不同消费水平的城乡居民消费行为进行实证分析,在面板数据中引入结构突变理论,并对消费收入稳定性研究发现:2008年检测到的城乡居民消费行为发生了突变,突变点的原因在于受到收入差距扩大和经济环境恶化的影响;在突变点之后,城乡居民的自发性消费支出和边际消费倾向都有所改变。