中国粮价与通货膨胀关系的协整分析：2001-2005

文章利用2001~2005年CPI和批发粮价的月度数据进行协整分析,并构建均衡修正模型,实证检验了二者的关系。实证结果说明无论长短期通货膨胀对粮价都具有Granger因果关系,验证了通货膨胀通过改变粮食市场参与主体的预期影响粮价的假说;在长期粮价对通货膨胀具有Granger因果关系,粮价长期高位运行会导致通货膨胀,但在短期内粮价对通货膨胀的影响较弱,不支持粮价上涨短期内即会引发通货膨胀的观点。     

An empirical study on the threshold cointegration of Chinese A and H cross-listed shares

We investigate the dynamic relationship between the prices of Chinese A and H market cross-listed shares using the Enders–Siklos threshold cointegration approach. Our data are the daily closing prices of the Hang Seng China AH (A) index and the Hang Seng China AH (H) index from 4 January 2006 to 1 November 2013. We find a threshold cointegration between these two indices, instead of the linear cointegration well established in the literature. The short-term adjustment to the equilibrium shows an asymmetric effect according to the price deviation from the equilibrium. Moreover, using a Granger causality test, we find a bi-directional causality between these two markets, indicating a close relationship between them. A pairs trading rule, based on the estimated threshold cointegration model, demonstrates the usefulness of our results as it generates a significantly higher return than a naive buy-and-hold trading rule.     

对外贸易影响中国经济增长的动态分析

运用计量经济学方法对中国1980-2007年相关经济变量时间序列数据的平稳性进行ADF检验,对修正后表现平稳的变量进行协整分析,研究在长期内是否存在稳定的均衡关系。通过构建协整方程、误差修正模型和Granger因果关系式分析各经济变量在长期均衡和短期波动中相互因果关系的影响。研究结果表明：在短期内经济增长更多受制于需求,而长期内取决于生产效率的提高。因此在继续重视出口贸易创造市场作用的前提下,要充分发挥外贸在增加要素供给和创造市场需求两个方面的作用。     

非线性Granger因果检验方法的检验功效及有限样本性质的模拟分析

为了克服传统Granger因果检验方法因忽略经济变量的非线性特征而导致结论出现显著偏差的局限性,非线性Granger因果检验方法在近年来正逐步成为经济学研究领域的重要分析工具。然而,迄今为止,学术界仍较少对非线性Granger因果检验方法在不同非线性模型中的有限样本性质展开系统性的比较与分析,因此,本文通过数据生成过程（DGP）,结合Monte Carlo模拟对Diks和Panchenko（2006）等主流的非线性Granger因果检验方法的检验功效、过度拒绝等问题展开比较研究,并对共同滞后阶数、带宽参数的不同设置可能引发结论敏感性变化进行深入分析,在此基础上我们从动态非线性滚动分析的角度对其有限样本性质展开进一步的讨论,并提出对未来非线性应用研究具有实际指导价值的若干建议。     

财政支农、农村居民消费与农民增收的动态分析——以辽宁省为例

政府财政支出和居民消费的关系一直是经济界争论的焦点,文章基于1980-2007年辽宁省的时间序列数据,从宏观和动态的角度,运用单位根检验,Granger因果检验和向量自回归模型考察辽宁省财政支农,农村居民消费以及收入之间的关系,向量自回归模型的动态分析表明：农村居民收入和消费之间具有相互促进的正向联系,而财政支出的各方面对居民收入和消费的影响不尽相同,其中,基本建设支出对居民消费和收入都有负影响．即产生“挤出效应”,而生产性支出对居民收入产生正影响,而对居民消费却产生“挤出效应”,科技项目支出对居民收入和消费,先产生负影响,随着时间的推移,影响变为正;其他财政支出对居民收入产生正的影响,而对居民消费先产生“挤出效应”,随后又促进居民消费。     

Linear and nonlinear causality tests in an LSTAR model: wavelet decomposition in a nonlinear environment

In this paper, we use simulated data to investigate the power of different causality tests in a two-dimensional vector autoregressive (VAR) model. The data are presented in a nonlinear environment that is modelled using a logistic smooth transition autoregressive function. We use both linear and nonlinear causality tests to investigate the unidirection causality relationship and compare the power of these tests. The linear test is the commonly used Granger causality F test. The nonlinear test is a non-parametric test based on Baek and Brock [A general test for non-linear Granger causality: Bivariate model. Tech. Rep., Iowa State University and University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 1992] and Hiemstra and Jones [Testing for linear and non-linear Granger causality in the stock price–volume relation, J. Finance 49(5) (1994), pp. 1639–1664]. When implementing the nonlinear test, we use separately the original data, the linear VAR filtered residuals, and the wavelet decomposed series based on wavelet multiresolution analysis. The VAR filtered residuals and the wavelet decomposition series are used to extract the nonlinear structure of the original data. The simulation results show that the non-parametric test based on the wavelet decomposition series (which is a model-free approach) has the highest power to explore the causality relationship in nonlinear models.     

The Dynamic Relationship Between the Dollar and Components of U.S. Trade

The dynamic response of the nominal trade account to changes in the value of the U.S. dollar has been posited to follow a J-curve pattern. Recent experience calls this into question. The aggregate nominal trade balance is decomposed here into four components, both prices and volumes of imports and exports. Time series specification tests and Granger tests of causal priority are employed to identify the existence and nature of the response of each individual component to dollar movements. Surprisingly weak and delayed responses of both import prices and volumes are found, suggesting a new view of trade-balance evolution.     

中国银行信贷、房地产价格与宏观经济互动关系研究——基于VAR模型的实证分析

银行信贷在近几年有了飞速发展,但是有相当一部分资金流向了房地产业,而房地产业是国计民生的重要产业之一,在推动宏观经济增长方面起到了重要作用。在建立VAR模型的基础上综合运用协整检验、Granger因果关系检验等方法,对中国银行信贷、房地产价格与宏观经济间的互动关系进行研究,结果表明银行信贷、房地产价格与宏观经济三者之间确实存在互动关系。     

Granger因果关系检验的模型选择与相关策略研究

运用Granger因果关系检验识别确定经济变量间因果关系是经济研究中极为常见的分析模式,然而在具体应用时,Granger因果关系检验的功效会受到模型形式选择与检验策略因素的影响,为此,解析了Granger因果关系检验的水平型VAR、差分型VAR、VEC三种模型形式选择的基本原理,探讨了与模型选择相关的四大检验策略,即变量个数选择、滞后阶数选择、变量单整性检验、协整空间维数选择,并给出了Granger因果关系检验相对稳妥的实践操作程序。     

On Granger causality and the effect of interventions in time series

We combine two approaches to causal reasoning. Granger causality, on the one hand, is popular in fields like econometrics, where randomised experiments are not very common. Instead information about the dynamic development of a system is explicitly modelled and used to define potentially causal relations. On the other hand, the notion of causality as effect of interventions is predominant in fields like medical statistics or computer science. In this paper, we consider the effect of external, possibly multiple and sequential, interventions in a system of multivariate time series, the Granger causal structure of which is taken to be known. We address the following questions: under what assumptions about the system and the interventions does Granger causality inform us about the effectiveness of interventions, and when does the possibly smaller system of observable times series allow us to estimate this effect? For the latter we derive criteria that can be checked graphically and are in the same spirit as Pearl’s back-door and front-door criteria (Pearl 1995).     

Vector autoregression and causality: a theoretical overview and simulation study

This paper provides a theoretical overview of Wald tests for Granger causality in levels vector autoregressions (VAR's) and Johansen-type error correction models (ECM's). The theory is based on results in Toda and Phillips (1991a) and allows for stochastic and deterministic trends as well as arbitrary degrees of cointegration. We recommend some operational procedures for conducting Granger causality tests that are based on the Gaussian maximum likelihood estimation of ECM's. These procedures are applicable in the important practical case of testing the causal effects of one variable on another group of variables and vice versa. This paper also investigates the sampling properties of these testing procedures through simulation exercises. Three sequential causality tests in ECM's are compared with conventional causality tests in levels and differences VAR's.     

公共投资与社会福利的动态相关性：1978—2008年——基于VAR模型的分析及检验

基于VAR模型,利用1978—2008年的样本数据分析公共投资与社会福利的动态相关性。通过协整检验、VECM模型、Granger因果检验及方差分解分析,结果表明：福利（W）与生产性投资（PI）、消费性投资（CI）间存在长期稳定的均衡关系;基于W、PI和CI的VECM模型具体较好的误差修正机制;PI、CI与福利间有Granger因果关系,反向关系成立,但PI与CI间不成立;W自身的冲击对W的贡献率最大,CI次之,PI的贡献率最小。     

Vector autoregression and causality: a theoretical overview and simulation study

This paper provides a theoretical overview of Wald tests for Granger causality in levels vector autoregressions (VAR's) and Johansen-type error correction models (ECM's). The theory is based on results in Toda and Phillips (1991a) and allows for stochastic and deterministic trends as well as arbitrary degrees of cointegration. We recommend some operational procedures for conducting Granger causality tests that are based on the Gaussian maximum likelihood estimation of ECM's. These procedures are applicable in the important practical case of testing the causal effects of one variable on another group of variables and vice versa. This paper also investigates the sampling properties of these testing procedures through simulation exercises. Three sequential causality tests in ECM's are compared with conventional causality tests in levels and differences VAR's.     

北京市能源消费与经济增长关系研究

 本文利用面板协整理论和基于面板误差修正模型的Granger因果关系检验分析了北京市能源消费和经济增长的关系。面板协整检验表明北京市能源消费和经济增长之间存在长期协整关系,进一步基于面板误差修正模型的Granger因果关系检验表明北京市短期存在能源消费到经济增长的单向因果关系,长期能源消费和经济增长之间存在双向的因果关系。因此北京市在进行节能减排的工作时,必须考虑到能源消费减少对经济增长的负作用,尽可能采取提高能源利用效率的措施,包括利用财政税收优惠政策鼓励节能技术的研发,在政府采购时要求产品在生产过程中采用节能技术,更关键也是更重要的是积极探索能源价格机制改革,通过价格手段促进企业真正具备节能意识,主动节约能源,提高利用效率。     

The Effects of Detrending in Granger Causality Tests

Nonstationary time series are frequently detrended in empirical investigations by regressing the series on time or a function of time. The effects of the detrending on the tests for causal relationships in the sense of Granger are investigated using quarterly U.S. data. The causal relationships between nominal or real GNP and M1, inferred from the Granger–Sims tests, are shown to depend very much on, among other factors, whether or not series are detrended. Detrending tends to remove or weaken causal relationships, and conversely, failure to detrend tends to introduce or enhance causal relationships. The study suggests that we need a more robust test or a better definition of causality.     

Granger Causality Test in the Presence of Spillover Effects

In this article, we investigate the effect of spillover (i.e., causality in variance) on the reliability of Granger causality test based on ordinary least square estimates. We studied eight different versions of the test both, with and without Whites heteroskedasticity consistent covariance matrix (HCCME). The properties of the tests are investigated by means of a Monte Carlo experiment where 21 different data generating processes (DGP) are used and a number of factors that might affect the test are varied. The result shows that the best choice to test for Granger causality under the presence of spillover is the Lagrange Multiplier test with HCCME.     

中国养老金投入与经济增长关系的协整性分析

基于中国的宏观经济数据,通过协整检验、误差修正模型和Granger因果关系检验,对经济增长和养老金投入的关系进行了实证研究。实证结果表明,养老金投入与经济增长存在长期的协整关系,经济增长是养老金投入的Granger原因,但养老金投入不是经济增长的Granger原因。     

A Wavelet-Based Approach of Testing for Granger Causality in the Presence of GARCH Effects

The size and power of the most commonly used tests and a new wavelet-based approach of testing for Granger causality is evaluated by means of a Monte Carlo study in which the error term follows a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity consistent (GARCH) process. In the simulation study it is shown that the commonly used causality tests tend to overreject the true null hypothesis in the presence of GARCH errors and that the new wavelet-based approach improves the size properties of the Granger causality test for all of the different situations evaluated.     

能源与经济因果关系检验:回顾与展望

针对国内外能源与经济因果关系众说纷纭的现状,在总结Granger因果关系检验方法发展脉络的基础上,归纳检验变量之间因果关系的统计方法及其在国内外能源消费与经济发展关系实证检验的结果,做出四个代际划分,并按照检验因果关系四个代际的区分与相应的优劣,给出适用于时间序列和面板数据统计因果关系检验的一般步骤。同时指出面板数据、非线性因果关系检验方法将成为研究的发展方向。     

Panel—Data下Granger因果检验的理论和应用发展综述

Panel-Data下Granger因果检验的相关理论是最近几年才发展起来的,现有的研究提出了关于Panel-Data下Granger因果检验的四个基本假设:同质无因果关系假设(HNCH)、同质因果关系假设(HCH)、异质因果关系假设(HECH)以及异质无因果关系假设(HENCH),根据检验参数的特点给出三种类型的检验模型:固定系数模型、随机系数模型和混合固定随机系数模型。目前,还只有固定系数模型的相关理论较为完善,另外两种模型的检验还都存在一定的难度。因此,只有从理论研究和实际应用两个方面对该理论进行阐述,并对现有的理论进行简要的评述,才可指出其存在的不足及可能的改进方向。